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European Combat Arts & Sports through history

Mesopotamian boxers and wrestlers. Terracotta plaque Khafaji, Nintu Temple, Early dynastic Period, 3000-2340 B.C.E.<br />
Iraq Museum, Baghdad

Mesopotamian boxers on terracotta relief, c. 2000 B.C.E. from Eshnunna

Two men boxing to music, c. 1200 B.C.E., Sinkara<br />
Terracotta relief

Egyptian boxers and stick fighters, c. 1350 B.C.E.Tomb of Kheruef, Thebes, Egypt

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC<br />
<br />
Photographs are copyright by Stefan Geens<br />
https://www.flickr.com/photos/stefangeens/3072241538/in/set-72157610469524639/

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC<br />
<br />
Photographs are copyright by Stefan Geens<br />
https://www.flickr.com/photos/stefangeens/3072241538/in/set-72157610469524639/

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC<br />
<br />
Photographs are copyright by Stefan Geens<br />
https://www.flickr.com/photos/stefangeens/3072241538/in/set-72157610469524639/

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC<br />
<br />
Photographs are copyright by Stefan Geens<br />
https://www.flickr.com/photos/stefangeens/3072241538/in/set-72157610469524639/

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC<br />
<br />
Photographs are copyright by Stefan Geens<br />
https://www.flickr.com/photos/stefangeens/3072241538/in/set-72157610469524639/

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC<br />
<br />
Photographs are copyright 2001 by David Ireland<br />
http://bskinner.net/nemes/expeditions/benihassan_report.html

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC<br />
<br />
Photographs are copyright 2001 by David Ireland<br />
http://bskinner.net/nemes/expeditions/benihassan_report.html

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC

Grapplers at the tomb at Beni Hassan, Egypt, dated to 2040-1785BC

Medinet Habu, Ringer und StockfechterTheben-West (Oberägypten), Medinet Habu,<br />
Totentempel Ramses’ III. (Neues Reich, 20. Dynastie, um 1160/1155 v. Chr.),<br />
Erster Hof, Südhalle.

Medinet Habu, Ringer und StockfechterTheben-West (Oberägypten), Medinet Habu,<br />
Totentempel Ramses’ III. (Neues Reich, 20. Dynastie, um 1160/1155 v. Chr.),<br />
Erster Hof, Südhalle.

Boxers and bull leaping on the "Boxer Vase” from Hagia Triada and drawing, c. 1500 B.C.E. <br />
Source: www.flickr.com/photos/pankration (

Greek pankration. Line drawing of pottery painting from late 6th century BCE<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Greek pankration. Pottery painting attributed to Onesimos, c. 500 BCE. (From Michael B. Poliakiff<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Greek Pankrationists from ca 650-200BC<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Pankratiasts fighting. Greek bronze, 2nd century BC. Staatliche Antikensammlungen in Munich<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Greek Pankrationists from ca 650-200BC<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Greek Pankrationists from ca 650-200BC<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Greek Pankrationists from ca 650-200BC<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Pankratiasts fighting under the eyes of a trainer and an onlooker. Side A of an Attic black-figure skyphos, c. 500 BC<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Panathenaic Prize-amphora showing pankration, a mix of wrestling and boxing, 367-366 BC<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Greek Pankrationists from ca 650-200BC<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Pankratiasts fighting under the eyes of a judge. Side B of a Panathenaic prize amphora, c. 500 BC<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Greek Pankrationists from ca 650-200BC<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Two Wrestlers / Etruscan Bronze, late 400 B.C.<br />
<br />
Handle of an entruscan bowl.

Greek athletes fighting with spear and shield. From a tomb at Paestum, ca 470 BC

Greek athletes fighting with spear and shield. Judge standing by the side with staff to separate the fighers, and a wreath as a prize.<br />
<br />
From a tomb at Paestum, ca 470 BC

Greek athletes fighting with spear and shield. From a tomb at Paestum, ca 470 BC

Greek athletes fighting with spear and shield. From a tomb at Paestum, ca 470 BC

Greek pankrationists. From a tomb at Paestum, ca 470 BC

Greek pankrationists and athletes fighting with spear and shield. From a tomb at Paestum, ca 470 BC

Greek Pankrationists from ca 650-200BC<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration

Wrestlers / Roman Mosaic / Roman, 400AD.<br />
<br />
Detail from a mosaic depicting athletic competitions.<br />
Found at: Qafsa (also Gafsa) (Tunisia).

Wrestlers / Roman Mosaic / Thaenae (Thyna, Tunisia), 100-300AD

Wrestlers / Roman Mosaic / Thaenae (Thyna, Tunisia), 100-300AD

Wrestlers / Roman Mosaic / Thaenae (Thyna, Tunisia), 100-300AD

Mosaic showing Roman entertainments from the 1st century. Jamahiriya Museum, Tripoli, Libya. From Dar Buc Ammera villa (Zliten).<br />
<br />
Summa Rudis (Judge) standing on the side in the panel 2nd from above, ready with a staff to break the fight, like the Fechtmeister in the Renaissance Fechtschule of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Zliten mosaic is a Roman floor mosaic from about the 2nd century AD, found in the town of Zliten in Libya, on the east coast of Leptis Magna. <br />
<br />
The mosaic was discovered by the Italian archaeologist Salvatore Aurigemma in 1913 and is now on display at The Archaeological Museum of Tripoli. It depicts gladiatorial contests, animal hunts, and scenes from everyday life.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zliten_mosaic

The Zliten mosaic is a Roman floor mosaic from about the 2nd century AD, found in the town of Zliten in Libya, on the east coast of Leptis Magna. <br />
<br />
The mosaic was discovered by the Italian archaeologist Salvatore Aurigemma in 1913 and is now on display at The Archaeological Museum of Tripoli. It depicts gladiatorial contests, animal hunts, and scenes from everyday life.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zliten_mosaic

The Zliten mosaic is a Roman floor mosaic from about the 2nd century AD, found in the town of Zliten in Libya, on the east coast of Leptis Magna. <br />
<br />
The mosaic was discovered by the Italian archaeologist Salvatore Aurigemma in 1913 and is now on display at The Archaeological Museum of Tripoli. It depicts gladiatorial contests, animal hunts, and scenes from everyday life.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zliten_mosaic

Summa Rudis (Judge) standing by the side, ready with a staff to break the fight as one opponent throws his shield and raises his index finger. Compare to the Fechtmeister in the Renaissance Fechtschule of the Holy Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
Gladiators from the Zliten mosaic in the Dar Buc Ammera villa. The gladiators are (from left) a disarmed and surrendering retiarius and his secutor opponent, two gladiators of unknown type, a Thracian and his surrendering opponent of unknown type, and the referee.<br />
<br />
c. AD 200

Summa Rudis (Judge) standing by the side, ready with a staff to break the fight as one opponent throws his shield and raises his index finger. Compare to the Fechtmeister in the Renaissance Fechtschule of the Holy Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
Gladiators from the Zliten mosaic in the Dar Buc Ammera villa. c. AD 200

The Zliten mosaic is a Roman floor mosaic from about the 2nd century AD, found in the town of Zliten in Libya, on the east coast of Leptis Magna. <br />
<br />
The mosaic was discovered by the Italian archaeologist Salvatore Aurigemma in 1913 and is now on display at The Archaeological Museum of Tripoli. It depicts gladiatorial contests, animal hunts, and scenes from everyday life.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zliten_mosaic

Summa Rudis (Judge) standing by the side, ready with a staff to break the fight, like the Fechtmeister in the Renaissance Fechtschule of the Holy Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
Mosaic at the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid showing a retiarius (net-fighter) named Kalendio fighting a secutor named Astyanax. In the bottom image, the secutor is covered in the retiarius's net, but doesn't seem to be hindered. In the later image, Kalendio is on the ground, wounded, and raises his dagger to surrender. The arena employees await his fate from the editor, not pictured. The inscription above it shows the sign for "null" and the name of Kalendio, implying that he was killed.

Gladiatorenmosaik, 286/300, Bad Kreuznach, Karl-Geib-Museum

Gladiatorenmosaik, 286/300, Bad Kreuznach, Karl-Geib-Museum

Gladiatorenmosaik, 286/300, Bad Kreuznach, Karl-Geib-Museum

Detail of the Villa Borghese gladiator mosaic

Detail of the Villa Borghese gladiator mosaic (ca. 320 AD): the Ø symbol marks a gladiator killed in combat<br />
<br />
(CIL VI 10206 (sic, not 10296) = AE 1991, 78)

Detail of the Villa Borghese gladiator mosaic. Retiarius vs Secutor, (ca. 320 AD): the Ø symbol marks a gladiator killed in combat

Gladiators from Roman Villa at Nennig, with Summa Rudis (Judge) standing by the side, ready with a staff to break the fight, like the Fechtmeister in the Renaissance Fechtschule of the Holy Roman Empire.

A retiarius gladiator stabs at his secutor opponent with his trident. Mosaic from the villa at Nennig.<br />
<br />
Summa Rudis (Judge) standing by the side, ready with a staff to break the fight as one opponent throws his shield and raises his index finger. Compare to the Fechtmeister in the Renaissance Fechtschule of the Holy Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
2nd-3rd century AD

Gladiators from Roman Villa at Nennig, with Summa Rudis (Judge) standing by the side, ready with a staff to break the fight, like the Fechtmeister in the Renaissance Fechtschule of the Holy Roman Empire.

Gladiators from Roman Villa at Nennig, fighting with whips and cudgels.

Mosaic of gladiatorial combat, Roman, found on the Via Appia, beginning of the fourth century CE

Pompeian mural depicting the Amphitheatre riots

Hoplomachus

Flask depicting the final scene of a Gladiator-fight Murmillo beating Thraex

Reliefs of a provocateur and of gladiatorial combat, 3rd century AD, from Ephesus (Turkey), Neues Museum, Berlin.

Köln, Römisch-Germanisches Museum, Inv.-Nr. V 409

Tombstone of a Thraex carrying a very curved Sica

Tombstone of a Thraex carrying a very curved Sica

Murmillo fighting a Thraex using a curved Sica, a Thraxian/Dacian sword type as depicted on the Trajan Column.<br />
<br />
Die Gladiatoren Asteropaios und Drakon, Entstehungsort: Ephesos, 0/330?, Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

Dacian Capillati warriors pictured on Trajan's Column, wielding short curved swords.

Suggested female gladiator, a gladiatrix, holding a curved knife or possibly a strigil, thought to be a cleaning tool used to scrape off oil and dirt. However, compare to the curved Thraxian/Dacian knives/swords used in this image: https://www.facebook.com/304263799604883/photos/a.322847014413228.80280.304263799604883/732694346761824/?type=3&theater<br />
<br />
http://www.livescience.com/19729-female-gladiator-statue-rome.html

Fragments of a relief commemorating a gladiator. Found along Via Appia, near the tomb of Cecilia Metella.<br />
<br />
Relief shows Provocator, commonly fighting Retiarius. Same weapons as the Myrmillo, but ovoid helmet to avoid getting caught in the net of the Retiarius.<br />
<br />
Roman 1st century BCE

Fragments of a relief commemorating a gladiator. Found along Via Appia, near the tomb of Cecilia Metella.<br />
<br />
Relief shows Provocator, commonly fighting Retiarius. Same weapons as the Myrmillo, but ovoid helmet to avoid getting caught in the net of the Retiarius.<br />
<br />
Roman 1st century BCE

Köln, Römisch-Germanisches Museum, Inv.-Nr. 39,8

Marble relief commemorating the release from service of two female gladiators, Amazon and Achillia<br />
<br />
British Museum

Shield and gladius, stabbing over shield while parrying from the side.<br />
<br />
From the Colosseum in Rome, Italy.

Shield and gladius, stabbing over shield while parrying from the side.<br />
<br />
Summa Rudis (Judge) standing by the side, ready with a staff to break the fight, like the Fechtmeister in the Renaissance Fechtschule of the Holy Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
From the Colosseum in Rome, Italy.

St. Marx<br />
<br />
Peter Falkner<br />
MS KK5012 1495

Hans Talhofer from his 1459 manuscript. Notice the necklace with the sword and the winged lion, the symbol of the Marxbrüder and Saint Mark.<br />
<br />
The lion of St Mark was also the symbol of Venice, and interestingly enough, Talhofer also shows a sword design very similar to the Venetian swords with single finger rings in the very same 1459 manuscript.

The Wappen of Hans Talhofer, from Paul Hektor Mair's copy of the Talhoffer treatise Cod.I.6.2°.1. Talhoffer's original is dated to 1446-1459, however, Mair's copy is from before 1561.<br />
— at Where was this photo taken?

Talhoffer 1459. Talhoffer's coat of arms.<br />
<br />
Notice the Lion of St. Mark, the symbol of the Marxbruder.<br />
<br />
The shield with a crown and two swords can also be seen in Codex 1.6.2.4 (See next image). The Freifechters later used a similar wappen although with wings at the crosses of the swords, and the swords flipped upside down.

Freifechter Wappen from the Codex 1.6.2.4. The manual is obviously related to the manuals by Paulus Hector Mair and thus dated to the mid 16th century.<br />
<br />
It was drawn by Jörg Bräu and contains what is believed to be preliminary drawings done before his proper work on the three Paulus Hector Mair books of 1542.

Detail from "Die Fechtschul", by Hanns Senger Maller ca 1550.

The weapon of the Feder Fechter guild.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federfechter

Saint Vitus, the possible Patron Saint of the Freifechter von der Feder zum Greifenfels (also called "Veiterfechter" and "Federfechter") and today the patron saint of Dancers.<br />
<br />
Notice the rooster, also shown in the next image.<br />
<br />
Image from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle<br />
— at Where was this photo taken?

Detail of the Wappen of the Gesellschaft der Freifechter von der Feder, from a portrait of Matheus Wirtig, Approbirter Maister des Langen Schwerdts and Verortner Unterhauptmann (Captain) von der Federn, 1644

Detail of the Wappen of the Gesellschaft der Freifechter von der Feder, from a portrait of Matheus Wirtig, Approbirter Maister des Langen Schwerdts and Verortner Unterhauptmann (Captain) von der Federn, 1644

The weapon of the Marx Brüder guild.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxbruder

Feder Fechter and Marx Brüder poems from 1689.

Only sort of related to the fencing guilds, in the sense that it portrays the natural enimosity between the löwe and the greif.<br />
<br />
Virgil Solis c1555

SINNEPOPPEN van ROEMER VISSCHER. 1614<br />
<br />
<br />
"De Schermers die vechten veel-tijdt om een Krans van bloemen, (om dat het gelt by henluyden niet overvloedigh is) tot een teecken van eere; daer zy soo veele om lyden, datse dickmael een lamme arm kryghen, of worden een oogh uyt haer hooft ghesteecken: ende dat alleen om ghepresen te worden van een deel lichte quanten. "<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.xs4all.nl/~graauw/sinnepoppen/sinnepoppen.html<br />
<br />
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Janszoon

Mon coeur chose de ce monde tante n'estime<br />
Q'un floret ou bon braquet au jeu d'escrime<br />
- Openhertighe Herten, 1618

Dussack and federschwert from Strasbourg

"Two madmen fighting with clubs; shield with a face; tree." From Paris, Musée du Louvre OA 136<br />
<br />
Possibly depicting the duel between Walter Blowberme vs Hamo Stare from 1249, but could also be any judicial duel. <br />
<br />
Comments: The recessed edge of the medallion indicates that it was designed to be inserted in a frame or an object.<br />
<br />
Provenance: Acquired by Charles Sauvageot in 1838 ('1675. petit médaillon en ivoire (combat de fous) 10 [fr.]'): donation to the Museum by Sauvageot in 1856.

Capitals from Uppsala Domkyrka, Sweden

Capitals from Uppsala Domkyrka, Sweden

Judicial duelling in Sweden, ca 1350 or ca 1430. From Magnus Eriksson's Landslag regarding crimes of injuring another.

Illustrationszyklus Recht Cod.32 1350

Illustrationszyklus Bibel Cod.143 1405

Wild men fencing with bucklers and clubs. ca 1470<br />
<br />
Carpentras, Bibliothèque Inguimbertine<br />
<br />
Provenance: Collection of Casimir Barjavel: his bequest, 26 September 1868.

Renaissance jousting in Rome.<br />
<br />
From Giovanni Marcanova's 'Collectio Antiquitartum', 1471

German dueling shield used to fight dragons. These types of shields are shown both by e.g. Paulus Kal, Peter Falkner and Hans Talhoffer in their fencing treatises, as well as in the Solothurner Fechtbuch.<br />
<br />
From the lovely astrology/medicine book the Tübinger Hausbuch, 312v, dated to the 1400s<br />
<br />
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/diglit/Md2/0601

German dueling shield. These types of shields are shown both by e.g. Paulus Kal, Peter Falkner and Hans Talhoffer in their fencing treatises, as well as in the Solothurner Fechtbuch.<br />
<br />
From the lovely astrology/medicine book the Tübinger Hausbuch, 312v, dated to the 1400s<br />
<br />
http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/diglit/Md2/0601

Physical training for fencers from late Middle Ages/Early Renaissance. This time from Talhoffer and his 1443 treatise.

Designs with fencing scene from an ivory crossbow dated to 1450, from the Meyrick Collection.<br />
<br />
London, Wallace Collection A1032<br />
Steel; horn; wood; gold; iron; parchment; cord; leather.<br />
<br />
720mm (length) x 596mm (span of bow)<br />
4.4kg<br />
<br />
Side: Hunting scene; dogs pursuing a stag. Saint George and the dragon. Naked couple. Couple dancing. Couple embracing (meeting of lovers). Martyrdom of saint Catherine of Alexandria; saint Catherine of Alexandria is beheaded; broken wheel (?). Dragon.<br />
<br />
Side: Original Sin; Adam and Eve; tree. Martyrdom of saint Sebastian; archers with bows, crossbows and arrows. Soldiers in armour. Men fighting with swords. Monster (hybrid creature).<br />
<br />
Top: Dragons with intertwined heads. Interlaced snakes. Musician jester playing the bagpipes. Saint George and the dragon. Tracery.<br />
<br />
Bottom: Painted coat of arms. Band of carved coats of arms. <br />
<br />
Museum's opinion 2009: German (Bavarian), c. 1450-1470.<br />
<br />
Provenance: Colonna von Fels collection, South Tyrol. Collection of Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick (b. 1783, d. 1848), Goodrich Court, Herefordshire; Frédéric Spitzer collection, Paris; bought by Sir Richard Wallace in 1871.<br />
Tag photoAdd locationEdit

Designs with fencing scene from an ivory crossbow dated to 1450, from the Meyrick Collection.<br />
<br />
London, Wallace Collection A1032<br />
Steel; horn; wood; gold; iron; parchment; cord; leather.<br />
<br />
720mm (length) x 596mm (span of bow)<br />
4.4kg<br />
<br />
Side: Hunting scene; dogs pursuing a stag. Saint George and the dragon. Naked couple. Couple dancing. Couple embracing (meeting of lovers). Martyrdom of saint Catherine of Alexandria; saint Catherine of Alexandria is beheaded; broken wheel (?). Dragon.<br />
<br />
Side: Original Sin; Adam and Eve; tree. Martyrdom of saint Sebastian; archers with bows, crossbows and arrows. Soldiers in armour. Men fighting with swords. Monster (hybrid creature).<br />
<br />
Top: Dragons with intertwined heads. Interlaced snakes. Musician jester playing the bagpipes. Saint George and the dragon. Tracery.<br />
<br />
Bottom: Painted coat of arms. Band of carved coats of arms. <br />
<br />
Museum's opinion 2009: German (Bavarian), c. 1450-1470.<br />
<br />
Provenance: Colonna von Fels collection, South Tyrol. Collection of Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick (b. 1783, d. 1848), Goodrich Court, Herefordshire; Frédéric Spitzer collection, Paris; bought by Sir Richard Wallace in 1871.<br />
Tag photoAdd locationEdit

Description of the crossbow in the preceding image.

Zwei junge Männer kämpfen mit Schwertern und ringen miteinander, von einem älteren Mann beaufsichtigt, ca 1826-50.<br />
<br />
Based on Talhoffer or a very similar source.<br />
<br />
EDIT: Matt Galas just posted this with data: "Here Bechtung teaches Wolfdietrich jousting, fencing, fighting, knife-throwing, how to don his armor, and all the various knightly games." From the Heldenbuch. 1545 edition, but the illustrations are from the 15th century"

Duel with longswords, from Ulrich Boner's Edelstein of ca 1460.<br />
<br />
Thank you Matt Galas for sharing this one!

The Prince of Pumar and the Princess Aigaric (Moonlight) of Caidu wrestling.<br />
<br />
Marco Polo, Merveilles, fol. 95 v.<br />
<br />
Polo, Marco; Ital. traveller of Asia, 1254–1324. Works: Le Livre des Merveilles du Monde (Travel description 1298/99).<br />
<br />
Illumination, Paris, Studio of the Boucicaut Master, c. 1412.<br />
Ms. fr. 2810, fol. 95 v.<br />
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale.

“Two boys fighting with each other”, c. 1450. Reverse side of the Desco da Parto with the “Tawny owl game”.<br />
<br />
Scheggia, real nm. Giovanni di Ser Giovanni; 1406–1486.

Ringkampf zwischen Jehan de Saintré und dem Abbé.<br />
<br />
Antoine de La Sale, Jehan de Saintré, Buchmalerei<br />
<br />
La Sale, Antoine de; französischer Schriftsteller.<br />
Provence um 1385 – Châtelet-sur-Oise um 1460. /<br />
Werke: Le petit Jehan de Saintré (Roman über den Aufstieg des Knappen Jehan zum Ritter).

Cod. Sang. 658 1465

Cod. Sang. 658 1465<br />
<br />
The stances are quite similar to this image, down to the reversed grip: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=609404489090811&set=a.322847014413228.80280.304263799604883&type=3&theater

Unterhaltung am Hofe König Altistrates. 1467<br />
Appolonius von Tyrland

Cod. Bodmer 91 1468<br />
<br />
http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/cb/0091/99v/small

Cod. Bodmer 91 1468<br />
<br />
http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/cb/0091/99r/small

Ringkampf / mamelukische Miniatur 1474<br />
<br />
Aus: Kitab al-Makhzufni jam i al-funun (Buch der Kriegskunst) von Muhammad ibn Yaqub inb Khassam al Khuttali.

Young men practicing grappling and lifting of heavy stones and steel bars.<br />
<br />
From Cod. Bodmer 53 ca. 1470-1475<br />
<br />
http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/cb/0053

Heinrich von Veledek<br />
Muzizieren 1474

Master of the Housebook<br />
Two Peasants Fighting, c. 1475/1480<br />
Rosenwald Collection

Detail of image from Luzerner Kronik from 1513<br />
<br />
http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/kol/S0023-2/557/0/Sequence-1291

Note the ropes around the waists.<br />
<br />
Allegorie met gevecht tussen putto en saterkind als deugd en ondeugd, Pieter de Bailliu (I), Peter van Lint, 1623 - 1660

Zamorensis, R. (1475). Spiegel des menschlichen lebens. Augsburg: Günther Zainer<br />
<br />
The stances are quite similar to this image, down to the reversed grip: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=323496871014909&set=a.322847014413228.80280.304263799604883&type=3&theater<br />
<br />
Thanks Chris for finding this one!

Zamorensis, R. (1475). Spiegel des menschlichen lebens. Augsburg: Günther Zainer<br />
<br />
Thanks Chris and Francesco for digging these out!

Knight on horseback charging with a spear; bearded man on horseback with a bow<br />
<br />
Very similar to Talhoffer's illustration of crossbow vs lance. (See next image)<br />
<br />
Aachen, Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum<br />
KK 998

Talhoffer 1467. Compare to previous image.

"De Sphaera", Italian manuscript, ca 1460<br />
<br />
Biblioteca Estense, Modena, Italy

"De Sphaera", Italian manuscript, ca 1460<br />
<br />
Biblioteca Estense, Modena, Italy<br />
<br />
Lots of interesting excercises here, both martial, and acrobatic & strength excercises. And a fencing masters carrying a staff, as seen in so many other images.<br />
<br />
Note the lifting of stones and iron bars on the top left.

The Seven Planets: Children of the Sun, 1464<br />
Baccio BaldiniKi

Kinder der Sonne, From the Kasseler Handschrift.

Planetenkinder der Sol, from German Astrological treatise Cod. 3085, dated to 1470-75.<br />
<br />
http://archiv.onb.ac.at:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=2945848

Planetenkinder der Sol (Detail), from German Astrological treatise Cod. 3085, dated to 1470-75.

Die Planetenkinder, Die Kinder der Sonne<br />
Cod.lat.4394<br />
<br />
1477

Illustrationszyklus Antiphonar cod.1 1481

Jacques le Grant ms297 "Book of good morals" 1490.

Not really fechtschule, but it talks a bit about strength and again shows the lifting of stones.

The image is taken from Hausbuch Wolfegg from 1480.

An interesting detail is that the fencers have "federschwert" lying on the ground. The image is taken from Hausbuch Wolfegg from 1480.

The image is taken from Hausbuch Wolfegg from 1480. Look at the illustrations of acrobats behind the man standing behind the table. They are highly similar to other images showing acrobats, swords and fencers.<br />
— at Where was this photo taken?

Wapenschild met acrobaten en zwaardvechters, Meester van het Amsterdamse Kabinet, 1488 - 1492

“PANCRATIUM VOLUTATORIUM”.<br />
<br />
Holzschnitt von Cristoforo Coriolani nach Pirro Ligorio (1500–1583).<br />
Aus: H.Mercurialis, De arte gymnastica libri sex (….), Venedig (Giunta)<br />
1573.

Wrestling games similar to Luderziehen and Dra Gränja, common all the way from Austria to Sweden. From a treatise dated to ca 1320.<br />
<br />
Found in the British Library Image Bank by Ben Floyd.

Luderziehen<br />
Tensta Church, Sweden. 1437<br />
<br />
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strebkatzenziehe

Image of "Luderziehen" from a Swedish church in Normlösa Östergötland. ca1500.<br />
<br />
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strebkatzenziehen

Bäuerlicher Wettkampf<br />
Luderziehen Austriam 1525

Luderziehen / Strebkatzenziehen in Hannover<br />
<br />
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strebkatzenziehen

Relief am Lübecker Rathaus im Durchgang von der Breiten Straße zum Marienkirchhof<br />
<br />
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strebkatzenziehen

Die Luterisch Strebkatz, 1524<br />
<br />
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strebkatzenziehen

Relief from 1558<br />
Kindstugan 18,<br />
Gamla Stan, Stockholm<br />
Sweden<br />
<br />
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strebkatzenziehen

Boy Scouts doing "The Badger Pull, a Popular Form of Amusement at Scout Contests", from Boys' Life, March 1916. <br />
<br />
This is a game that has been in existance at least since the Middle Ages, as seen in the preceding images in this album.

Fechtboden unt Frauenhaus.

Het toernooi, Monogrammist MZ, 1500

Weisskunig Maximilian I from 1506. Notice the "fechtschwert" and the gloves on the ground.<br />
<br />
This time in black and white.<br />
<br />
http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/maximilian1775/0146

Een steekspel en een bode bij een vorst, workshop of Albrecht Dürer, 1515

Fechter mit Dreschflegeln aus Leder<br />
Printing plate for Triumpzug der Kaiser Maximilians by Hans Burgkmair, 1517

Fechter mit Hellebarden<br />
Printing plate for Triumpzug der Kaiser Maximilians by Hans Burgkmair, 1517

Fechter mit kurzen Stangen<br />
Printing plate for Triumpzug der Kaiser Maximilians by Hans Burgkmair, 1517

Fechter mit Lanzen<br />
Printing plate for Triumpzug der Kaiser Maximilians by Hans Burgkmair, 1517

Fechter mit Degen und Rundschilden<br />
Printing plate for Triumpzug der Kaiser Maximilians by Hans Burgkmair, 1517

Fechter mit Schwertern und Tartschen<br />
Printing plate for Triumpzug der Kaiser Maximilians by Hans Burgkmair, 1517

Ungarische Fechter mit Streitkolben und Pavesen<br />
Printing plate for Triumpzug der Kaiser Maximilians by Hans Burgkmair, 1517

Fechter mit Schwertern<br />
Printing plate for Triumpzug der Kaiser Maximilians by Hans Burgkmair, 1517

Longsword fencers in the "Triumphzug Kaiser Maximilians", Hans Burgkmair, ca 1512-1526.<br />
<br />
Interestingly, the fencer on the far left carries a sword that is marked with Hans Burgkmair's initials.

Staff fencers in the "Triumphzug Kaiser Maximilians", Hans Burgkmair, ca 1512-1526.

Bewaffnete Auseinandersetzung zwischen Studenten und Handwerkern, Erfurt 1506

Trachtenbuch des Matthaus Schwarz aus Augsburg 1520-1560.<br />
<br />
One of 135 images depicting Matthäus Schwarz, chief accountant and confidant of the Augsburg merchant family Fugger, at various stages in his life. This one is from June 1518, showing him at the age of 21.<br />
<br />
Other images show him practicing with bow and arrow, on the battlefield in armour with halberd, zweihänder and katzbalger, or more commonly as a civilian carrying a rappier and a bollocks or rondel dagger. A langes messer is also worn in an image. There are even two nude illustrations of him (reportedly to show that he hadn't got fat...) The last image is from 1560 and shows him at the age of 63. He died 14 years later.<br />
<br />
The illustrations between 1520-1535 were done by Narcissus Renner. From 1536-1560 they were done by an unknown artist from Christoph Amberger's workshop.<br />
<br />
The "federschwert" he uses might indicate that he received some training from the Marxbrüder, but this is yet to be corroborated. I have no other such indications so far.

Konrad Schwarz, son of Matthäus Schwarz who was accountant to the famous Fugger familly in Augsburg, and a fencer, learning fencing in 1561.<br />
<br />
Also see Matthäus Schwarz here: https://www.facebook.com/hroarr/photos/a.322847014413228.80280.304263799604883/323502961014300/?type=3&theater<br />
<br />
Thank you Jean Chandler for sharing this image!

Konrad Schwarz, son of Matthäus Schwarz who was accountant to the famous Fugger familly in Augsburg, and a fencer, learning fencing in 1561.<br />
<br />
Also see Matthäus Schwarz here: https://www.facebook.com/hroarr/photos/a.322847014413228.80280.304263799604883/323502961014300/?type=3&theater<br />
<br />
Thank you Jean Chandler for sharing this image!

Veit Konrad Schwarz lernt fechten, 1541-1588<br />
<br />
From Die Gartenlaube. Illustriertes Familienblatt. Heft 37. Jahrgang 1892

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From Das Ehrenbuch der Fugger by Jörg Breu d.J, ca 1545-48<br />
<br />
Most of these are related to the fencing treatises of Paul Hektor Mair, also illustrated by Jörg Breu d.J, as described in this article http://hroarr.com/the-secret-fechtbuch-of-the-little-fuggers/

From book written by Benedictus Rughalm, 1524. See fencers at the bottom.

Splendor Solis 1532

Detail from Planetenkinder, ca 1540<br />
by Beham.<br />
<br />
Grappling, dussack (steel?), longswords, throwing of stones and "high jumping" (Possibly going over the ribbon from hand standing, as seen in the next image).<br />
<br />
Some pretty clear connections between the fencing guilds and the Landsknechten displayed here, I think.<br />
<br />
Again, the image is likely a reversed copy of an original.<br />
<br />
Image is in the possession of the British Museum

Detail from "Planetenkinder - Sol"<br />
<br />
Harmen Jansz Muller (1540-1617)

Die Planetenkinder und die Freien Künst, 1560<br />
Jost Amman

Detail from an engraving depicting a Peasant's Festival in Nürnberg,by Sebald Beham, from 1535.<br />
<br />
Lots of interesting details. Outdoors bowling, walking on messers with a beer glass on your head, climbing slippery poles, some Ringen and general Brawling.<br />
<br />
And of course the, then as well as now, obligatory testosterone-filled drunk who demonstrates his strength by lifting his less than amused dancing partner. 🙂<br />
<br />
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=1363397&partid=1&searchText=feasting+1535&fromADBC=ad&toADBC=ad&numpages=10&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&currentPage=1

Die Melancholie im Garten des Lebens, Detail. 1558<br />
Matthias Gerung

Die Melancholie im Garten des Lebens, Detail. 1558<br />
Matthias Gerung

Die Melancholie im Garten des Lebens, Detail. 1558<br />
Matthias Gerung

Venus with a group of musicians - lid of an organ piano made in Nuremberg 1619 for Lucas Friedrich Behaim von Schwarzbach (1587–1648).<br />
<br />
Oil on wood, overall size 62 × 179.5cm.<br />
Nuremberg, German National Museum.

Gaukler and fencers performing, likely in Nürnberg in late 1500s. To the far right a runner is about to cross the finish line, the sash held by two men. Acrobats are performing in the centre and to the left. Dagger fighters and longsword fencers in the background. Fencers may be using fechtschwerter similar to the one displayed at Musée de Cluny. Nobility watching in the background, similarly to Meyer's 1570 treatise... <br />
<br />
Possibly, this image is part of the Planetenkinder topic, also shown earlier in the book.<br />
<br />
From the fabulously illustrated Stammbuch des Hans Ludwig Pfinzing von Henfenfeld, around 1599. (Msc.Hist.176 139v)<br />
<br />
The book also contains descriptions of the Planetenkinder, the Liberal Arts, the Five Elements, history and of course friends and personal history.<br />
<br />
Thanks Matt Galas for sharing this one!

Cholericus, ca 1576-1650.

"Festivity scene from Nuremberg" by Paul Mercuri, 1829-1830.<br />
<br />
Perhaps this one shouldn't be in this album, but it is interesting that this early 19th century image shows what looks quite a lot like pike fencing during festivities in Nürnberg. :)

Turnier am Rechenburg bei Nürnberg - Detail<br />
Erchard Schön, 1534

Turnier am Rechenburg bei Nürnberg

Zwei Fechtende Landsknechten (1516)<br />
by Hans Baldung Grien

Zwei Fragmente einer Kabinettscheibe mit der Darstellung zweier Fechter um-1530 Coburg.

Copy from works by Jost Amman. Obviously reversed, or the fencers are both left-handed...<br />
<br />
Engraved copies by Martin Pleginck were published by Stephan Hermann in Ansbach, 1594.

By Conraad Goltzius ca 1590

Jost Amman 1594-1620

Franz Isaac Brun, Presbourg (Bratislava) *1535 , 1555-†1610, Strasbourg.

Dusack fencers using dusack with large nagles for hand protection.<br />
<br />
By Franz Isaac Brun, ca 1580<br />
<br />
Thanks to Simon White for finally finding these in high resolition and sharing them!

Longsword fencers fighting in the Fechtschul, with a boy in the background, holding a paratschwert and two laurel wreaths for the winners, nodding back to the Pan-Hellenic games of the ancients, with the Children of the Sun. Notice the wooden training daggers on the ground.<br />
<br />
By Franz Isaac Brun, ca 1580<br />
<br />
Thanks to Simon White for finally finding these in high resolition and sharing them!

Rappier & buckler fencers practicing with what might be blunt swords or haudegen. Notice the round staves on the ground.<br />
<br />
By Franz Isaac Brun, ca 1580<br />
<br />
Thanks to Simon White for finally finding these in high resolition and sharing them!

Franz Isaac Brun 1559<br />
<br />
Thanks to Simon White for finally finding these in high resolition and sharing them!

Franz Isaac Brun 1559<br />
<br />
Thanks to Simon White for finally finding these in high resolition and sharing them!

Franz Isaac Brun 1559<br />
<br />
Thanks to Simon White for finally finding these in high resolition and sharing them!

Halberd fencers by Franz Isaac Brun, 1559

Halberd and staff fencers by Franz Isaac Brun, ca 1559

Franz Isaac Brun, Presbourg (Bratislava) *1535 , 1555-†1610, Strasbourg.<br />
<br />
Detail showing a dussack with a "nagel" protecting the hand.

Franz Isaac Brun, Presbourg (Bratislava), 1555-1610, Strasbourg.<br />
<br />
Note the very long federschwert and the dussacken. Most of Brun's images show the Landsknechten and here is another obvious link between them and the 16th century German fencing schools.

Franz Isaac Brun, Presbourg (Bratislava) *1535 , 1555-†1610, Strasbourg.<br />
<br />
Note the federschwert and the dussacken as well. Most of Brun's images show the Landsknechtenand here is another obvious link between them and the 16th century German fencing schools.

"Two fencers duelling; From a series of four etchings. c.1541"<br />
<br />
And a Freifechter Griffin to the left.

Franz Isaac Brun, Presbourg (Bratislava) *1535 , 1555-†1610, Strasbourg.

Die Fechtenden, Jost Amman 1539-1591

Zwei kämpfende Krieger.<br />
<br />
Erhard Schön, 1536

Virgil Solis c1534

Turnier zu Fuß und zwei Spielleute.<br />
<br />
Deutschland, 1551/1600, Nürnberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum

"Planetenkinder der Sol" by Virgil Solis ca 1530-1562.

Fechtschule, 1541<br />
Virgil Solis

Another illustration by Vergilius Solis showing fechtschule practice, including flails.

Illustration by Vergilius Solis. showing fechtschule in 1550. Notice the griffon, the symbol of the Feder Fechter. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federfechter

Vergilius Solis 1526

Hans Sachs (1494-1576), shoemaker, poet, playwright and Meistersinger, born in Nuremberg. Went on a journeyman year (Wanderwalz) and for several years worked in many towns including Regensburg, passau, Salzburg, Münich, Osnabrück, Lübeck and Leipzig.<br />
<br />
In 1513 he reached the town of Wels in Austria where he stayed for some time. There he met Kaiser Maximilian I who brought him to the court at the palace of Innsbruck.<br />
<br />
The same year he took apprenticeship to become a Meistersinger at Munich under Lienhard Nunnembeck and three years later he settled down in Nuremberg, where he remained for the rest of his life. <br />
<br />
He was a devoted Lutheran and in 1523 wrote a poem in honour of him entitled "The Nightingale at Wittenberg, which is heard everywhere".<br />
<br />
Among his works a particular mastersong from 1545 about the Marxbrüder, how to become a fencing master and more, is to be found. This is a great source for insight into the traditions of the guild and even uses fencing terms for guards like Alber, Tag, Ochs and Pflug, cuts like the Mittel- and Flügelhau, Zornhau, Krummhau, Zwerchhau, Schillerhaum Scheitlerhau as well as specific terms like Versatzung, Nachreisenh, Uberlauffen, Durchwechsel, Abschneiden<br />
<br />
His mastersong wasn't published, intended only for the use of the Nuremberg Meistersinger which he led.<br />
<br />
In his life he wrote over 6000 pieces of various kinds.

Zwei fechtende Schweizer ca 1550

Malmö, St. Petri Chapel. From late 16th cent.

"Die Fechtschul", by Hanns Senger ca 1550

Die Fechtschul", by Hanns Senger ca 1550

"Die Fechtschul", by Hanns Senger ca 1550

"Die Fechtschul", by Hanns Senger ca 1550.<br />
<br />
Notice the very loose grip on the longswords.

"Die Fechtschul", by Hanns Senger ca 1550

Again, notice the little "nagel" protecting the hand on the dussacken.<br />
<br />
Hans Senger from 1550.

"Die Fechtschul", by Hanns Senger ca 1550.<br />
<br />
This one is interesting, since the staff fencer on the right possibly leads with the right hand in the image.<br />
<br />
The right fencer also stands in an odd guard, which I can't recall having seen before, although the fencer on the left clearly stands in Steürhut, straight out of Meyer.

"Die Fechtschul", by Hanns Senger ca 1550

Cosmographia Frankfurter Fechter 1552<br />
by Sebastian Münster

Cosmographia Frankfurter Fechter 1552<br />
by Sebastian Münster

Interesting artwork in the details.<br />
<br />
By Niklaus Manuel Deutsch, ca 1507

Design for a Stained Glass Window for Christoph von Eberstein, <br />
By Hans Holbein the Younger, 1522

Unknown title.<br />
by Hans Baldung Grien, 1557.

Martial exercises using clubs and stones, as also seen in 15th cent images earlier in this album. <br />
<br />
From Olaus Magnus' Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (Description of the Northern Peoples). Printed 1555

Martial exercises with all weapons displayed as in so many other images of this album, and common even in e.g. Joachim Meyer's fencing treatise of 1570.<br />
<br />
From Olaus Magnus' Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (Description of the Northern Peoples). Printed 1555

Martial exercises. From Olaus Magnus' Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (Description of the Northern Peoples). Printed 1555

Martial exercises. From Olaus Magnus' Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (Description of the Northern Peoples). Printed 1555

Martial exercises. From Olaus Magnus' Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (Description of the Northern Peoples). Printed 1555

Martial exercises. From Olaus Magnus' Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (Description of the Northern Peoples). Printed 1555

Naval jousting, a common practice all over Europe and seen e.g. in Switzerland as well as in Italy. From Olaus Magnus' Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (Description of the Northern Peoples). Printed 1555

Sword dancing which is commonly associated with the cutler guild of which fencing master Joachim Meyer was a member. The dance was a "fight" between Winter and Spring and led up to an interlacing of swords into two platforms from which two fencing masters fought with longswords.<br />
<br />
From Olaus Magnus' Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (Description of the Northern Peoples). Printed 1555

Martial exercises. From Olaus Magnus' Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (Description of the Northern Peoples). Printed 1555

Jost Amman. Fechter mit Schwert 1578

The first image from the 1560 Joachim Meyer manual. Showing staffs, halberds, longswords, dussacken and flails. Not sure what is going on in the background. Might be injured fencers or fencers wrestling a bit freely. :)<br />
<br />
The architecture is likely based on "poetic license", but the different actions going on line up well with what can be seen in other illustrations, with music, a corner for the injured, two "judges" in the corners and so on.

Christoffel Hans Stimmer<br />
Prep work in ink and chalk for Meyer's 1570 treatise.

Jost Amman. Fechter mit Dussack 1578

Illustration to Amman's 'Enchiridion Artis',<br />
Frankfurt: Feyerabend, 1578<br />
<br />
Notice the nagel on the dussack.

Jost Amman. Fechter mit Schwert 1578

Jost Amman. Fechter mit Halben Stangen 1578

Jost Amman. Fechter mit Halben Stangen 1578

Image from 1580. Now were talking... All these goodies AND fire! It gives a whole new meaning to the term "by sword and fire ". Now this a project for Albion to pick up on... :)<br />
<br />
Coincidentally, Pentti of GHFS did exactly this to Anders Linnard at the Swordfish event three years ago.<br />
<br />
Details: Guards like Nebenhut, Zornhut, Mittelhut and Steürhut can clearly be seen in the image. The longswords seem to be pretty specialized with a pipe in the middle, likely containing a mix of gun powder.<br />
<br />
Thanks to Gesellschaft Lichtenawers for putting the image online!

David besiegt Goliath.<br />
<br />
Tobias Stimmer, 1576

Unfinished deck of playing cards from Germany-ca-1570<br />
<br />
Courtesy of Matt Galas. Thank you!<br />
<br />
Also see https://www.facebook.com/304263799604883/photos/a.322847014413228.80280.304263799604883/691486714215921/?type=3&theater

Deck of cards by Heinrich Hauk, 1595<br />
<br />
Thanks Matt Galas for sharing this one.

Deck of cards by Heinrich Hauk, 1595<br />
<br />
Thanks Matt Galas for sharing this one.

Deck of cards by Heinrich Hauk, 1595<br />
<br />
Thanks Matt Galas for sharing this one.

Deck of cards by Heinrich Hauk, 1595.<br />
<br />
Thanks Matt Galas for sharing this one.

Deck of cards by Heinrich Hauk, 1595<br />
<br />
Thanks Matt Galas for sharing this one.

Deck of cards by Heinrich Hauk, 1595<br />
<br />
Thanks Matt Galas for sharing this one.

Deck of cards by Heinrich Hauk, 1595<br />
<br />
Thanks Matt Galas for sharing this one.

Tarot Card Five Cups, From Jost Amman's "Book of Trades”, 1588

The fall of the Rebellious Angels, with Arch Angel Saint Michael in the middle. Originally a triptych, but the two sides were lost 12 years after its completion in the iconoclasm of 1566.<br />
<br />
Note the dusack, rapier, pike, halberd, pollax, katzbalger.<br />
<br />
Painted by Frans Floris in 1554, ordered by the Sint Michielsgilde, the Fencer's Guild of Antwerpen and displayed in the Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk. 220x300cm.<br />
<br />
Currently at the cathedral of Antwerpen

The Fencers Riot of 1579 in s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands, where the Calvinist Fencer's Guild took part in riots and 42 people were killed and 120 injured in a single night. <br />
<br />
This is one of the clear cases where a Fencer's Guild acted with violence to protect members of the city from the Catholic town militia. The Catholics won the battle, making 's-Hertogenbosch one of the few cities not part of the Utrecht Union.<br />
<br />
Heyman Voicht van Oudheusden wrote about these events in his journal and it is available as a book today.<br />
<br />
By Jan van Diepenbeeck, ca <br />
<br />
http://www.groetenuitdenbosch.nl/505d.htm<br />
Getergd en verontwaardigd noteerde Heyman Voicht van Oudheusden in de periode tussen 1577 en 1581 wat er in zijn hertogstad voorviel. Hij maakte aan den lijve de toenemende spanningen tussen katholieken en calvinisten in ’s-Hertogenbosch mee. Dieptepunt voor hemzelf was een aanslag op zijn leven. Dieptepunt voor ’s-Hertogenbosch was het gevecht op de Markt tussen de katholieke stadsmilitie en het calvinistische Schermersgilde. De strijd werd beslecht in het voordeel van de katholieken. Als eerbetoon aan de stad en ter waarschuwing aan de overige steden – reden voor zijn uitweiding over het in 1581heroverde Breda en het nog steeds dwalende Antwerpen – werkte Voicht zijn aantekeningen uit tot een theologisch traktaat. Daarin ‘bewees’ hij dat de katholieken het gelijk aan hun zijde hadden. Hun daden waren de vruchten van de goede boom, in tegenstelling tot die van de scheurmakers, de vruchten van de slechte boom. Voicht ontmaskerde ten slotte de boosaardige aanstichter van de opstand in de Nederlanden tegen kerk en koning. In dit boek wordt het tweede deel van Voichts traktaat uit het Latijn vertaald en toegelicht. Hiermee komt zijn katholieke visie op de gebeurtenissen voor een breed publiek beschikbaar. De lezer maakt kennis met de redeneertrant, het bronnengebruik en de humanistische schrijfwijze van deze Bosschenaar, die bovendien liet zien dat hij kon schelden als de beste.

The Fencers Riot of 1579 in s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands, where the Calvinist Fencer's Guild where 42 people were killed and 120 injured in a single night. <br />
<br />
This is one of the clear cases where a Fencer's Guild acted with violence to protect members of the city from the Catholic town militia. The Catholics won the battle, making 's-Hertogenbosch one of the few cities not part of the Utrecht Union.<br />
Heyman Voicht van Oudheusden wrote about these events in his journal and it is available as a book today.<br />
<br />
After Jan van Diepenbeeck by anonymous, ca 1774-78<br />
<br />
http://www.groetenuitdenbosch.nl/505d.htm

Cod.Pal.Germ.126 1496

Cod.Pal.Germ.126 1496 (Detail)

Note the pikemen training<br />
<br />
Beleg van Valenciennes, 1567, Anonymous, Johann Wilhelm Baur, 1632 - 1699

Note the pikemen practicing<br />
<br />
Beleg van Valenciennes, 1567, Anonymous, Johann Wilhelm Baur, 1632 - 1699

Rapier and dagger fencing outside of an inn, ca 1575. Anonymous Netherlandish draughtsman, influenced by Hans Bol, but the present works seem more reminiscent of certain rather earlier artists, notably Matthys Cock. <br />
<br />
From an album of drawings assembled by François Demarais, dated 1729

Fechtschule and fürstenschießen in Zwickau. 1573.<br />
Germanisches Nationalmuseum Inv.K119 Kapsel 1466a<br />
<br />
This is the one that Wassmannsdorff retells in his Sechs Fechtschulen with the words of Benedict Edldeck: <br />
<br />
"In mancher Ritterlicher wehr,<br />
Und wie man sie het gebracht her,<br />
Und was noch mehr darzu gehört,<br />
Lang spies, Dusacken und auch Schwert,<br />
Hälleparten und halbe Stangen,<br />
Dollich, und was noch ist abgangen<br />
ein par Dusackn von Leder gmacht,<br />
Die wurden auch auf den plan gebracht<br />
dergleichen waren auch Rappier ,<br />
Ein schöns Paratschwerdt, glaubet mir,<br />
Daran war gar ein schöner Krantz<br />
Wer sein haut wolt wagn in die schantz"

Fürstlich Jülicher Hochzeit am Düsseldorf. 1585, by Franz Hogenberg.<br />
<br />
"Die Trum die ging geschwindt herumb,<br />
Der meister ist des Swertz der kumb.<br />
Am Fursten hoff all auff dem platz<br />
Ist schöll in namen Gottz<br />
<br />
Dar freyt der fechter seine Scholl,<br />
Und gab verwar gar guten zoll.<br />
Haubtschleg, ohrenstreich, und maulschell gutt,<br />
Braachen den fecthren trutz und mudt.<br />
<br />
Behört zum Tuch alsolche farb,<br />
Darna handler, darna gewarb.<br />
Der geboren ist nach der lufft.<br />
Draget und scharret solche frucht."

Toernooi op de Grote Markt te Brussel, 1569, Frans Hogenberg, 1569 - 1570

Fußturnier in Dusseldorf 1585, by Franz Hogenberg.

Fechter Büchlein 1594<br />
Jost Amman, Martin Pleginck

Fechter Büchlein 1594<br />
Jost Amman, Martin Pleginck

Fechter Büchlein 1594<br />
Jost Amman, Martin Pleginck

Fechter Büchlein 1594<br />
Jost Amman, Martin Pleginck

Fechter Büchlein 1594<br />
Jost Amman, Martin Pleginck

Fechter Büchlein 1594<br />
Jost Amman, Martin Pleginck

Fechter Büchlein 1594<br />
Jost Amman, Martin Pleginck

Fechter Büchlein 1594<br />
Jost Amman, Martin Pleginck

'Illustrissimi Wirtembergici Ducalis Novi Collegis quod Tubingae quam Situm quam Studia quam Exercitia Accurata Delinateo'<br />
<br />
Thirteen engravings of university life in Germany designed by Johann Christoph Neyffer and produced by Ludwig Ditzinger somewhere between 1589 and 1600.

'Illustrissimi Wirtembergici Ducalis Novi Collegis quod Tubingae quam Situm quam Studia quam Exercitia Accurata Delinateo'<br />
<br />
Thirteen engravings of university life in Germany designed by Johann Christoph Neyffer and produced by Ludwig Ditzinger somewhere between 1589 and 1600.

'Illustrissimi Wirtembergici Ducalis Novi Collegis quod Tubingae quam Situm quam Studia quam Exercitia Accurata Delinateo'<br />
<br />
Thirteen engravings of university life in Germany designed by Johann Christoph Neyffer and produced by Ludwig Ditzinger somewhere between 1589 and 1600.

'Illustrissimi Wirtembergici Ducalis Novi Collegis quod Tubingae quam Situm quam Studia quam Exercitia Accurata Delinateo'<br />
<br />
Thirteen engravings of university life in Germany designed by Johann Christoph Neyffer and produced by Ludwig Ditzinger somewhere between 1589 and 1600.<br />
<br />
I have no latin skills what so ever, but here is a rough translation which hopefully captures the essence:<br />
<br />
"Here is the loud training of the wrestlers and fencers.<br />
Here they work to find victory in the free fencing.<br />
Here they have really got mingled and the daggers and swords hit against each other.<br />
Thus the champions compete each day."<br />
<br />
And a latin transcription:<br />
<br />
"Haec est pollucis clamosa palaestra lanistae.<br />
Hic parit ingenuas uincere uelle minas.<br />
Hic sicae sicis miscentur et ensibus enses.<br />
Hic pugilum certat quotidiana manus."

Amademic life in the 1600s.<br />
<br />
Fencing, drinking, playing music, dancing, playing an odd ball game with studded leather vambrace, playing cards, hitting on women, riding, hanging around town and causing trouble at night, to the sound of music.<br />
<br />
Die wahre Abbildung des akademischen Lebens.<br />
By Bretschneider, ca1598-1640<br />
<br />
http://www.virtuelles-kupferstichkabinett.de/index.php?currentWerk=14165&

Gymnasium Patavinum: The university, Giacomo Filippo Tomasini, Padua, 1636.

Gymnasium Patavinum: The university, Giacomo Filippo Tomasini, Padua, 1636.

From the Weckherlin stammbuch, 1586-1615<br />
<br />
Stuttgart LB

From the Weckherlin Stammbuch 1601.

Rappier vs Partizan, from Strassburg Fechtmeister Joachim Meyer's treatise "Gründliche Beschreibung der Freyen, Ritterlichen und Adeligen Kunst des Fechtens" of 1570

Schlacht bei Strassburg, Jacob von Heyden, 1608

Le Centre de l'Amour Decouvert Soubs Divers-Emblesmes Galans et Facetieux, Peter Rollos ca1608

Schlacht bei Strassburg, Philips Angel, 1640

From the Stammbuch of Simon Händl of 1595.<br />
<br />
Note the dussack and the "federschwert".

Image taken from Jakob Sutor's 1612 manual. Very much derived from Joachim Meyer's manuals.

Burger town guard armed with flail vs student with rappier, from Jakob Sutor's fencing treatise of 1612. Compare to the Stammbuch der Simon Händl, from 1590. (See next image)

Burger town guard armed with flail, fighting student armed with rappier. From Michael Hundt's fencing treatise of 1611. Compare to Jakob Sutor and the Stammbuch der Simon Händl. (See the two previous images)

(Out-of-town) students fighting Wirtemberg burger/craftsmen town guards with rappier vs flail. One of the students manages to steal a helmet, but another is killed by the town guards and buried afterwards. From the Stammbuch der Simon Händl, 1590.<br />
<br />
Compare to Jakob Sutor's fencing treatise of 1612. (See previous image.)

Sketch for Jakob Sutor's "Künstliches fechtbuch" from 1612

Calcia Storico at Piazza Santa Croce, Florece, 1621<br />
<br />
By Jacques Callot<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino

Carnival with infantry fighting in Florence, 1616<br />
<br />
By Jacques Callot

The King of the Hellebardiers, the Sint Michielsgilde, dean of the Fencers Guild of Mechelen, ca 1600.<br />
<br />
Note the scar on the left cheek

Portrait of a Dean of the Fencers Guild, the Sint Michielsgilde of Brugge, Belgium, 1631<br />
<br />
By Jan Hals

The King's Schackel of the the Belgian Fencers Guild, the Sint Michielsgilde of Gent, ca 1601-1610

Portrait of Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert (1522 – 29 October 1590) by Heindrich Goltzius, 1591<br />
<br />
Note the swords and training swords on the bottom left.<br />
<br />
Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert, also known as Theodore Cornhert, was a Dutch writer, philosopher, translator, politician and theologian. Coornhert is often considered the Father of Dutch Renaissance scholarship.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirck_Volckertszoon_Coornhert

Ludolph van Ceulen b.1540 in Hildesheim (Germany), † 1610 in Leiden (Netherlands)<br />
<br />
Fencing Master and Mathematics Teacher in Breda, Amsterdam, Delft, Arnhem and Leiden.<br />
<br />
Author of "De arithmetic geometric en Fondamente".<br />
<br />
Image is from 1596.

Ludolph van Ceulen b.1540 in Hildesheim (Germany), † 1610 in Leiden (Netherlands)<br />
<br />
Fencing Master and Mathematics Teacher in Breda, Amsterdam, Delft, Arnhem and Leiden.<br />
<br />
Author of "De arithmetic geometric en Fondamente".<br />
<br />
Image from above, 1615

Detail of drawing by Jan Cornelisz entitled "Delineatio Lvdi Pvblici Gladiatorii Vrbis et Academiae Lvgdvnensis Apvd Batavos", dated to 1610.<br />
<br />
Notice the longswords and dussacken on the wall and the longsword fencers. Also, the rapiers have ball points.<br />
<br />
This is where Ludolph van Ceulen taught Mathematics and fencing and this particular images is from the year of his death. (see previous images).<br />
<br />
Print from the British Museum.

Detail of drawing by Jan Cornelisz entitled "Delineatio Lvdi Pvblici Gladiatorii Vrbis et Academiae Lvgdvnensis Apvd Batavos", dated to 1610.<br />
<br />
Notice the longswords and dussacken on the wall and the longsword fencers. Also, the rapiers have ball points.<br />
<br />
This is where Ludolph van Ceulen taught Mathematics and fencing and this particular images is from the year of his death. (see previous images).<br />
<br />
Print from the British Museum.

Detail of drawing by Jan Cornelisz entitled "Delineatio Lvdi Pvblici Gladiatorii Vrbis et Academiae Lvgdvnensis Apvd Batavos", dated to 1610.<br />
<br />
It is interesting to see that they practice the rapier, longsword, possibly smallsword, dussacken, pike and arquebusier, but not halberd.<br />
<br />
The stepping diagram on the floor can be seen in several contemporary fencing manuals.<br />
<br />
This is where Ludolph van Ceulen taught Mathematics and fencing and this particular images is from the year of his death. (see previous images).<br />
<br />
Print from the British Museum.

"Fechtschule der Klopffechter". This is probably the original etching that many others are derived from. It shows a fechtschule held at Heilsbrunner Hofe in Nürnberg in 1623.<br />
<br />
Engraved by Johann Peter Henkel (German, active 18th Century)<br />
Engraved by August Johann Trautner the Elder (active 18th Century)

Fechtschule held at Heilsbrunner Hofe in Nürnberg in 1623.<br />
<br />
Engraved by Johann Peter Henkel (German, active 18th Century)<br />
Engraved by August Johann Trautner the Elder (active 18th Century)<br />
Engraved by Johann Peter Henkel (German, active 18th Century)<br />
Engraved by August Johann Trautner the Elder (active 18th Century)

Fechtschule held at Heilsbrunner Hofe in Nürnberg in 1623.<br />
<br />
Engraved by Johann Peter Henkel (German, active 18th Century)<br />
Engraved by August Johann Trautner the Elder (active 18th Century)

Nürnberg Fechthaus 1651-1700

Das Fecht-Hauß allwo die Fecht-Schulen und andere Schauspiele gehalten werden. Palestra ubj ludi gladiatorij et scenici celebrantur.<br />
Nürnberg Fechthaus, 1689<br />
<br />
From Johann Alexander Boener's "Nürnbergische Kleider-Trachten, der Manns- und Weibs-Personen denen zu mehrerer Ergötzung und beygefüget sind etliche der vornehmsten Plätze und Gebäude in und an der Stadt, Wie auch der Grund-Rieß und doppelter Prospect derselbigen"<br />
<br />
http://bildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de/index.html?c=viewer&lv=1&bandnummer=bsb00077013&pimage=00005&suchbegriff=&l=de

Images of the dussack fencers are obviously borrowed from Joachim Meyer's manual of 1570.<br />
<br />
Personally, I love the elephants painted on the wall to the right, taken from plates of the Nürnberg Fechthaus, as shown here: http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=323501524347777&set=a.322847014413228.80280.304263799604883&type=1&theater

Gezicht op het Palazzo Farnese, anoniem, Philips Galle, 1585

Noruega, Fechthaus auf der Scütt (engraving from 1768).<br />
<br />
Bull baiting.<br />
<br />
Interesting because it shows very little fencing in the fechthaus in a place that obviously was been used with Meyer's dussack plate as well. See the previous images.

Bear and bull baiting in Fechthaus, 1759.<br />
<br />
Interesting because it shows very little fencing in the fechthaus in a place that obviously was been used with Meyer's dussack plate as well. See the previous images.

Gevecht tussen twee ridders te paard, anoniem, 1517<br />
<br />
Late afdruk van de versneden houtblokken van Le Chevalier déliberé (Gouda 1486). Eén blad van veertien uit Cronycke van Hollandt, uitgegeven door Jan Seversz, te Leiden in 1517 en 1530.

Toernooi op het marktplein in Wittenberg, Lucas Cranach (I), 1506

Toernooi van het keurvorstelijk hof van Saksen met wandtapijt Simson doodt de leeuw, Lucas Cranach (I), 1509

Toernooi in Wittenberg van het keurvorstelijk hof van Saksen, Lucas Cranach (I), 1509

Nachtelijk toernooi (Im Furtslich Hoff...geschicht)<br />
<br />
Frans Hogenberg, 1585

Vuurwerk na het toernooi (Zu Dusseldorpf..gar weitt)<br />
<br />
Frans Hogenberg, 1585

Just a little bit of grappling behind the jousters, from the Royal Procession at Navarra, 1594.<br />
<br />
From Jacobi Franci's Relatio Historica Quinquennalis, 1595

Some of the first recreated Olympic Games, arranged in Cotswold in 1601 or -12, by local lawyer, Robert Dover, with the approval of King James. Still celebrated today. Time for some HEMA people to go there...<br />
<br />
Illustration from "Annalia Dubrensia. Upon the Yeerely Celebration of Mr Robert Dovers Olimpick Games upon Cotswold" of 1636<br />
<br />
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotswold_Olimpick_Games

The tournament house near Hötorget, Stockholm in Sweden, built around 1620, but here depicted ca 1630<br />
<br />
... Under 1623 började man också på ett annat ställe i staden med omfattande byggnadsarbeten på konungens order. Det var den s. k. Beridarebanan eller Rännarebanan, belägen ett gott stycke söder om den nyssnämnda tullporten på Klara gärde på den plats, där Hötorget och kvarteret Beridarebanan nu ligga. Redan 1620–21 hade ett "Ränebansshus" av trä här uppförts och ett "galeri kring om siälfue gården" med "pilare" av trä uppsatts. Nu gjordes en fullständig ombyggnad av huset, som uppfördes av sten. Staketet kring gården ändrades och nya portar i detta sattes upp. På grund av "pestilentien", som på hösten 1623 hemsökte Stockholm, måste arbetet dock i oktober avbrytas. Ännu 1626 och 1627 pågingo sedan arbeten på Rännarebanan. <br />
— Tord O:son Nordberg, 1931

The tournament house near Hötorget, Stockholm in Sweden, built around 1620, but here depicted in December 1672<br />
<br />
... Under 1623 började man också på ett annat ställe i staden med omfattande byggnadsarbeten på konungens order. Det var den s. k. Beridarebanan eller Rännarebanan, belägen ett gott stycke söder om den nyssnämnda tullporten på Klara gärde på den plats, där Hötorget och kvarteret Beridarebanan nu ligga. Redan 1620–21 hade ett "Ränebansshus" av trä här uppförts och ett "galeri kring om siälfue gården" med "pilare" av trä uppsatts. Nu gjordes en fullständig ombyggnad av huset, som uppfördes av sten. Staketet kring gården ändrades och nya portar i detta sattes upp. På grund av "pestilentien", som på hösten 1623 hemsökte Stockholm, måste arbetet dock i oktober avbrytas. Ännu 1626 och 1627 pågingo sedan arbeten på Rännarebanan. <br />
— Tord O:son Nordberg, 1931<br />
<br />
När anläggningen var som störst sträckte den sig från Hötorget ner till Mäster Samuelsgatan, flankerad av Sergel- och Slöjdgatorna. På denna bana fick även män som skulle ut i det 30-åriga kriget utföra sin mönstring. I Rännarbanan, eller Beridarebanan, firades även högadliga bröllop och kröningsfest 1650 för drottning Kristina.Karl XI:s trontillträde firades 1672 med bland annat en procession till Beridarebanan från Stockholms slott, där kungen deltog klädd som en romersk fältherre.

Tuccaro. Gymnastics instructor to King of France, Charles IX 1599

Landsknecht with Musket from Jacob de Gheyn II's (1565-1629) book on infantry drill from 1608<br />
<br />
De Gheyn was born in Antwerp and received his first training from his father, Jacob de Gheyn I, a glass painter, engraver, and draftsman. In 1585, he moved to Haarlem, where he studied under Hendrik Goltzius for the next five years. He moved again, to Leiden, in the middle of the 1590s. His work attracted the attention of wealthy sponsors, and his first commission was for an engraving of the Siege of Geertruidenberg from Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange. This event from March 27 to June 24, 1593, had been more of a demonstration of power by Prince Maurits, than an actual war, and had even attracted tourists. As a publicity stunt, the siege and its subsequent engraving were successful in propagating an image of Prince Maurits as an able general.<br />
<br />
Around 1600, de Gheyn abandoned engraving, and focused on painting and etching. Moving to The Hague in 1605, he was employed often by Dutch royalty, designing a garden in the Buitenhof for Prince Maurice of Orange which featured the two first grottoes in the Netherlands. After Prince Maurice's death in 1625, de Gheyn worked for his brother, Prince Frederick Henry. De Gheyn painted some of the earliest female nudes, vanitas, and floral still lifes in Dutch art. He is credited with creating over 1,500 drawings, including landscapes and natural history illustrations. He produced 117 engravings for the military manual The Exercise of Armes while living in Amsterdam.<br />
<br />
De Gheyn married Eva Stalpaert van der Wiele of Mechelen in 1595. His son, Jacob de Gheyn III, was born in 1596, and grew to become an engraver in his own right, as well as the subject of a portrait by Rembrandt. De Gheyn died in The Hague.<br />
<br />
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_de_Gheyn_II

Landsknecht with Musket from Jacob de Gheyn II's (1565-1629) book on infantry drill from 1608<br />
<br />
De Gheyn was born in Antwerp and received his first training from his father, Jacob de Gheyn I, a glass painter, engraver, and draftsman. In 1585, he moved to Haarlem, where he studied under Hendrik Goltzius for the next five years. He moved again, to Leiden, in the middle of the 1590s. His work attracted the attention of wealthy sponsors, and his first commission was for an engraving of the Siege of Geertruidenberg from Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange. This event from March 27 to June 24, 1593, had been more of a demonstration of power by Prince Maurits, than an actual war, and had even attracted tourists. As a publicity stunt, the siege and its subsequent engraving were successful in propagating an image of Prince Maurits as an able general.<br />
<br />
Around 1600, de Gheyn abandoned engraving, and focused on painting and etching. Moving to The Hague in 1605, he was employed often by Dutch royalty, designing a garden in the Buitenhof for Prince Maurice of Orange which featured the two first grottoes in the Netherlands. After Prince Maurice's death in 1625, de Gheyn worked for his brother, Prince Frederick Henry. De Gheyn painted some of the earliest female nudes, vanitas, and floral still lifes in Dutch art. He is credited with creating over 1,500 drawings, including landscapes and natural history illustrations. He produced 117 engravings for the military manual The Exercise of Armes while living in Amsterdam.<br />
<br />
De Gheyn married Eva Stalpaert van der Wiele of Mechelen in 1595. His son, Jacob de Gheyn III, was born in 1596, and grew to become an engraver in his own right, as well as the subject of a portrait by Rembrandt. De Gheyn died in The Hague.<br />
<br />
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_de_Gheyn_II

Frontispice d'un livre d'escrime 1618.<br />
<br />
Yikes. Lots of interesting stuff in here. Really curious about this fencing book in the possession of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.<br />
<br />
Is the griffin actually doing a schielhau? 😀<br />
<br />
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84018286.r=livre+d%27escrime+.langFR

The famous Augsburg Fuggers apparently also enjoyed a bit of fencing. Here is an image from Cod.Icon.380 of 1618. 12 other family members are depicted in the same manner.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugger

The famous Augsburg Fuggers apparently also enjoyed a bit of fencing. Here is a detail from an image from Cod.Icon.380 of 1618. Notice the dussack and the swords.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugger

Figuurtegel, blauw met twee met messen of stokken vechtende mannen. ca1625-75

Tegel: Mannen, twee, vechtend met messen, 1650 - 1700

Die Jahreszeiten in bäuerlichen Landschaften<br />
By Jacob von der Heyden, ca1627-1677<br />
<br />
Really interesting details regarding the knife fight in this picture. The men appear to cover their left hands with fur hats, holding them in a way that allows gripping, like with a mitten.

Die Jahreszeiten in bäuerlichen Landschaften (Detail)<br />
By Jacob von der Heyden, ca1627-1677<br />
<br />
Really interesting details regarding the knife fight in this picture. The men appear to cover their left hands with fur hats, holding them in a way that allows gripping, like with a mitten.

Vechtende boeren, Pieter Nolpe, 1623 - 1653

Design for hilt in blackwork.<br />
Jean Toutin, 1619<br />
<br />
http://www.britishmuseum.org/

From "Lieb über alle Lieb Effect und Würkung göttlicher und menschlicher Lieb: auss göttlicher Schrifft und heiligen Vättern durch schöne Figuren und neue Inuentionen representiert", 1629

Duel / Etching / H.U. Franck / 1656Thirty Year War 1618–1648.<br />
<br />
Two fencing pairs.<br />
<br />
Woodcut after an etching by Hans Ulrich Franck, 1656.

Ridolfo Capoferro looking all badass on his throne of games. By Raffaello Schiaminossi, 1610

Sebastian Heüsler, Freifechter and author of New Künstlich Fechtbuch 1626

Sebastian Heüsler, Freifechter and author of New Künstlich Fechtbuch 1626

Ex libris of Gerard Thibault<br />
<br />
By Michiel le Blon, 1597 - 1630

Uitrusting van een krijgsman, with the diagram from Thibault<br />
<br />
By Michiel le Blon, 1597 - 1656

Thibault Academie de l'Espee 1628<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Thibault_d'Anvers

Thibault Academie de l'Espee 1628<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Thibault_d'Anvers

Girard Thibault from 1628.<br />
<br />
I have to confess I never knew he taught the longsword using "federschwert".<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Thibault_d'Anvers

Girard Thibault from 1628.<br />
<br />
I have to confess I never knew he taught the longsword using "federschwert".<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Thibault_d'Anvers

Girard Thibault from 1628.<br />
<br />
I have to confess I never knew he taught the longsword using "federschwert".<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Thibault_d'Anvers

Die grosse Fechtschule<br />
Crispian Queborn, 1640<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Thibault_d'Anvers

Girard Thibault from 1628.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Thibault_d'Anvers

Girard Thibault from 1628.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Thibault_d'Anvers

Note the fechtschwert on the ground.<br />
<br />
Ruiters met degens en andere wapens voor architecturale omlijsting van leeg titelveld, Schelte Adamsz. Bolswert, unknown, 1628

The coat of arms of the Belgian Fencers Guild, the Sint Michielsgilde of Gent, 1628

Staff fencing depicted in Schmalkalden of Hessen, Germany in a colourized version of "Thesaurus philopoliticus oder Politisches Schatzkästlein" of 1626.<br />
<br />
The texts in Latin and German both speak of taking the initiative first, ie taking the "Vor".<br />
<br />
This book was authored by the poet Daniel Meisner who was born in 1585 in Chomutov, north-west of Prague in today's Czech Republic, and close to the border of Germany. He died in Frankfurt am Main, in 1625.

Staff fencing depicted in Schmalkalden of Hessen, Germany in a colourized version of "Thesaurus philopoliticus oder Politisches Schatzkästlein" of 1626.<br />
<br />
The texts in Latin and German both speak of taking the initiative first, ie taking the "Vor".<br />
<br />
This book was authored by the poet Daniel Meisner who was born in 1585 in Chomutov, north-west of Prague in today's Czech Republic, and close to the border of Germany. He died in Frankfurt am Main, in 1625.

"Georgii Gumpelzhaimer’s Gymnasma de exercitiis academicorum" 1650<br />
<br />
Gymnasium from the Amberger Collection

Le Maistre d'Armes 1652

On the roots of the Turkish people, showing fencers and sword dancers.<br />
<br />
Note: These images originally seems to come from Münster's Cosmographia, which explains why everyone is wearing European armour, even the "Ottomans". It is simply depicting somethign completely different, originally.<br />
<br />
From a book found by Olivier Dupuis, entitled "Erste Theil der Hoffhaltung des türckhischen Keysers und othomannischen Reichs" a translation" by Nikolaus Höniger from an earlier work(*). It was printed in 1596<br />
(*) The original title was "Estat de la court du Grant Turc, l'ordre de sa gendarmerie, et ses finances, avec ung brief discours de leurs conquestes depuis le premier de ceste race" and was published in 1542. The author, Antoine Geuffroy, was a knight of Saint John of Jerusalem. (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k201042s)"

This image returns in many books. This particular was found by Olivier Dupuis who described it in the following words.<br />
<br />
Note: These images originally seems to come from Münster's Cosmographia, which explains why everyone is wearing European armour, even the "Ottomans". It is simply depicting somethign completely different, originally.<br />
<br />
"... extract from page xxxii of "Erste Theil der Hoffhaltung des türckhischen Keysers und othomannischen Reichs" a translation by Nikolaus Höniger from an earlier work (*). It was printed in 1596 and this picture show fencer producing their art in front of the Turkish imperor.<br />
(https://books.google.fr/books?id=n7xfAAAAcAAJ&dq=Erste+Theil%2C+der+Hoffhaltung+Des+Türckhischen+Keysers+und+Othoman%5Bn%5Dischen&hl=fr&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q=Erste%20Theil,%20der%20Hoffhaltung%20Des%20Türckhischen%20Keysers%20und%20Othoman%5Bn%5Dischen&f=false)<br />
(*) The original title was "Estat de la court du Grant Turc, l'ordre de sa gendarmerie, et ses finances, avec ung brief discours de leurs conquestes depuis le premier de ceste race" and was published in 1542. The author, Antoine Geuffroy, was a knight of Saint John of Jerusalem. (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k201042s)"

Hroarr Hema Resources<br />
<br />
From Sebastian Münster's "Cosmographia" 1598.<br />
<br />
http://fencingclassics.wordpress.com/2008/12/25/fechtschule-germany-1598

From Sebastian Münster's "Cosmographia" 1598.<br />
<br />
http://fencingclassics.wordpress.com/2008/12/25/fechtschule-germany-1598

Image from Johann Amos Comenius' "Orbus Pictus" originally printed in in 1653<br />
<br />
http://hiebfechtkunst.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/orbispictusengl.pdf

Image from Johann Amos Comenius' "Orbus Pictus" originally printed in in 1653<br />
<br />
http://hiebfechtkunst.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/orbispictusengl.pdf

Image from Johann Amos Comenius' "Orbus Pictus" originally printed in in 1653<br />
<br />
http://hiebfechtkunst.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/orbispictusengl.pdf

Image from Johann Amos Comenius' "Orbus Pictus" originally printed in in 1653<br />
<br />
http://hiebfechtkunst.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/orbispictusengl.pdf

Image from Johann Amos Comenius' "Orbus Pictus" originally printed in in 1653<br />
<br />
http://hiebfechtkunst.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/orbispictusengl.pdf

Glückwünschende Freudendarstellung 1653.<br />
<br />
The book was paid for by Duchess Sophie Elisabeth to celebrate the birthday of her husband Herzog August zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg (1579 - 1666). The book shows his years at the Universities of Rostock and Tübingen.<br />
<br />
Notice the fencers in the centre left display.<br />
<br />
http://diglib.hab.de/wdb.php?dir=drucke%2Fmusica-fol-1-1-2-3

Glückwünschende Freudendarstellung 1653.<br />
<br />
The text to the song that accompanies the previous illustration.<br />
<br />
The book was paid for by Duchess Sophie Elisabeth to celebrate the birthday of her husband Herzog August zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg (1579 - 1666). The book shows his years at the Universities of Rostock and Tübingen.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://diglib.hab.de/wdb.php?dir=drucke%2Fmusica-fol-1-1-2-3

For the Poles and Russians. Depicting the Polish–Muscovite War, in Moscow 1611.<br />
<br />
Russische Soldaten treiben 1611 Polnische Soldaten aus Moskau, by Romeyn de Hooghe, 1699

For the Poles and Russians. Depicting the Polish–Muscovite War, in Moscow 1611.<br />
<br />
Russische Soldaten treiben 1611 Polnische Soldaten aus Moskau, by Romeyn de Hooghe, 1699

Gdansk Fencing School 1664

Hof der Fechtschule, Breslau (Wroclaw). Illustration from 1890.

Kiel - Fechtboden - Alte Anatomie - Alte Universitätsgebäude - 1903

Tuebingen Pfleghof Aufgang zum Fechtboden Tuebingen postalisch nicht gelaufen bis 1920

Part of certificate as a Master of the Longsword, belonging to Unterhauptmann Johann Kramers of the Freyfechter von der Feder guild, 1654.<br />
<br />
Kept at the Stadtgeschichtliches Museum, Leipzig<br />
<br />
Teil einer Urkunde der Gesellschaft vom Langen Schwerdt von der Feder über die Ernennung Johann Kramers zum Unterhauptmann. Der untere Teil fehlt.<br />
Ernennung Johann Kramers zum Unterhauptmann der Fechtkunst - Gesellschaft vom Langen Schwerdt von der Feder.

Ludwig Seltenreich - Protestantischer Exulant [nach Diepenbroick: Fechtmeister?] aus Österreich in Nürnberg.

Sebastian Heusler, Burger und Frei fechter von Nürnberg, 1626

Heinrich Schlaweckh, Schuhmacher u. Fechter in Nürnberg, 1600s

Michael Lemke, Goldschlager & Federfechter in Nurnberg, 1600s

Matheus Wirtig, Approbirter Maister des Langen Schwerdts and Verortner Unterhauptmann (Captain) von der Federn, 1644

Georg Zwickel Scheibenzieher & Maister des Langen Schwerdt of the Marxbrüder, in Nürnberg-1660

Approbirter Maister des Langen Schwerdts von der Feder Ernst Maessl, 1675

Maister des Langen Schwerts von der Federn Jörg Held, 1675

Lutheran priest Tobias Winckler, born 1648 in Nürnberg, died in 1720, also in Nürnberg. Studied in Leipzig, Altdorf, Straßburg. Lost his right eye while fencing in 1668. Preached for the Swedish Church in Köln in 1673, in 1674 in Paris, 1678 in Amsterdam, then as a Deacon in 1680, and finally in the Frauenkirche in Nürnberg.<br />
<br />
Portrait by Berbgard Vogleris.

"Leonhard Schwab in Nürnberg Verordneter Unterhauptmann der Feder-fechter AE 1671"<br />
<br />
http://www.schwertbund-nurmberg.de/Personenverzeichnis_Fechtmeister.mht

Johannes Georgius Bruchius, fencing master 1671

Anton Friedrich Kahn, Universitätsfechtmeister in Göttingen, 1713

François Roux (* 9. Mai 1674 in Vienne, Département Isère; † 7. März 1750 in Jena)<br />
<br />
Fechtmeister & Romanist, Grammatiker und Lexikograf der Universität Jena.

Alexander Doyle Chur / Mayntzischer Hof-Fechtmeister (Court Fencing Master of Mainz), 1726

French fencing 1600s.<br />
<br />
Lots of interesting details in this. Look at the partizans and the halberds in the background, most likely carried by guards protecting the noblemen watching the fencing. <br />
<br />
The fencers are using training rapiers with ball points, and on the table to the right there appears to be some form fencing manual with numbered illustrations.

Schermmeester by Pieter Xaverij, 1665

Gastmaaltijd voor Hollanders van de koning van Ternate, 1601, Anonymous, 1644 - 1646

On the fringes of HEMA: Depiction of Maluku swordsmen, Indonesia, 1646.<br />
<br />
Title: Waerachtigh verhael van de Schipvaerd op Oost-Indien Ghedaen by de acht Schepen in den jare 1598. van Amsterdam uyt-gezeylt, onder 't beleyd van den Admirael Jacob Cornelissoon van Neck, ende Vice-Admirael Wybrand van Warwijck..', which was part of the monumental work by Isaac Commelin (1598-1676) on VOC voyages: 'Begin ende voortgangh van de Vereenighde Nederlantsche Geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische Companie....', <br />
<br />
Published by Joannes Janssonius, Amsterdam, 1646. <br />
<br />
Jacob Corneliszoon van Neck (1564-1638) was a Dutch naval officer and explorer, who led the second Dutch expedition to Indonesia (1598-99). The purpose of the expedition was to bring back spices, and was a huge success. Van Neck returned to Indonesia once more, but on that journey lost three fingers during a battle with a Spanish-Portuguese fleet. This prompted him to retire from exploration and travel. He later became mayor of Amsterdam, alderman and member of two admiralty colleges. (Ref: *Tiele 81; *Landwehr, VOC, 250.)<br />
<br />
Artists and Engravers: Casparus Commelin (1636-1693), publisher and bookseller in Amsterdam. Engraver/etcher unknown.

Fencing scene, Marcellus Laroon II-1648-1702

L'ESCRIME, Bien que l’un semble plus adret... Droit dans le neuviesme bouton. Claudine Bouzonnet Stella, after Jacques Stella. 1641-1657

Gioventù (Youth). Giuseppe Maria Mitelli, 1686

Dusack monkeys on gun powder flask, at the Germanisches National Museum in Nürnberg<br />
<br />
Photo by Borys Urbanski

Dusack monkeys on gun powder flask, at the Germanisches National Museum in Nürnberg<br />
<br />
Photo by Borys Urbanski

Dusack monkeys on gun powder flask, at the Germanisches National Museum in Nürnberg<br />
<br />
Photo by Borys Urbanski

Dusack monkeys on gun powder flask, at the Germanisches National Museum in Nürnberg<br />
<br />
Photo by Borys Urbanski

Federfechter and Marxbrüder in the Nürnberg Fechthaus 1689.<br />
<br />
Germanischer Nationalmuseum.

Unterricht im Schwertkampf. c1576-1625.

Die den Leib beschützende Fecht-Kunst 1689<br />
<br />
Germanischer Nationalmuseum.

Page from manual by JA Schmidt<br />
<br />
Leib-beschirmende und Feinden Trotz-bietende Fecht-Kunst. Oder: Leicht und getreue Anweisung auf Stoß und Hieb zierlich und sicher zu fechten: Nebst einem curieusen Bericht vom Voltigiren und Ringen.<br />
<br />
1713

Johann Andreas Schmidt in his Fechtsaal in Nürnberg 1713.<br />
<br />
...<br />
<br />
Update: Just found it online: http://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/hd/content/pageview/102330

Page from manual by JA Schmidt<br />
<br />
Leib-beschirmende und Feinden Trotz-bietende Fecht-Kunst. Oder: Leicht und getreue Anweisung auf Stoß und Hieb zierlich und sicher zu fechten: Nebst einem curieusen Bericht vom Voltigiren und Ringen.<br />
<br />
1713<br />
<br />
...<br />
<br />
Update: Just found it online: http://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/hd/content/pageview/102330

Page from manual by JA Schmidt<br />
<br />
Leib-beschirmende und Feinden Trotz-bietende Fecht-Kunst. Oder: Leicht und getreue Anweisung auf Stoß und Hieb zierlich und sicher zu fechten: Nebst einem curieusen Bericht vom Voltigiren und Ringen.<br />
<br />
1713<br />
<br />
...<br />
<br />
Update: Just found it online: http://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/hd/content/pageview/102330

Page from manual by JA Schmidt<br />
<br />
Leib-beschirmende und Feinden Trotz-bietende Fecht-Kunst. Oder: Leicht und getreue Anweisung auf Stoß und Hieb zierlich und sicher zu fechten: Nebst einem curieusen Bericht vom Voltigiren und Ringen.<br />
<br />
1713<br />
<br />
...<br />
<br />
Update: Just found it online: http://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/hd/content/pageview/102330

Page from the Ringen section of JA Schmidt's manual.<br />
<br />
Leib-beschirmende und Feinden Trotz-bietende Fecht-Kunst. Oder: Leicht und getreue Anweisung auf Stoß und Hieb zierlich und sicher zu fechten: Nebst einem curieusen Bericht vom Voltigiren und Ringen.<br />
<br />
1713<br />
<br />
...<br />
<br />
Update: Just found it online: http://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/hd/content/pageview/102330

Page from manual by JA Schmidt<br />
<br />
Leib-beschirmende und Feinden Trotz-bietende Fecht-Kunst. Oder: Leicht und getreue Anweisung auf Stoß und Hieb zierlich und sicher zu fechten: Nebst einem curieusen Bericht vom Voltigiren und Ringen.<br />
<br />
1713<br />
<br />
...<br />
<br />
Update: Just found it online: http://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/hd/content/pageview/102330

Page from manual by JA Schmidt showing Voltiegeren<br />
<br />
Leib-beschirmende und Feinden Trotz-bietende Fecht-Kunst. Oder: Leicht und getreue Anweisung auf Stoß und Hieb zierlich und sicher zu fechten: Nebst einem curieusen Bericht vom Voltigiren und Ringen.<br />
<br />
1713<br />
<br />
...<br />
<br />
Update: Just found it online: http://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/hd/content/pageview/102330

Fechten<br />
Martin Engelbrecht, 1720

Voltigieren<br />
Martin Engelbrecht, 1720

Turnieren<br />
Martin Engelbrecht, 1720

Law proclamation against lackeys, farmhands or journeymen carrying sidearms. Stockholm, Sweden 1719

Law proclamation against lackeys, farmhands or journeymen carrying sidearms. Stockholm, Sweden 1719

"Fechterzwerge mit Musikanten, Kupferstich von Elias Baeck bei Albrecht Schmidt in Augsburg (um 1720), 290 x 190 mm, koloriert (priv. Sammlung, Wien).<br />
<br />
Thanks to Bert Gewaert for finding this one! 😀<br />
<br />
The gloves/arm protection looks very similar to what was used with sabres a bit later.

Semi-satirical image of dwarves fencing to the blooming of the red flower.<br />
<br />
By Elias Baeck after Albrecht Schmidt, 1720<br />
<br />
The images were found in the Dürnsteiner Kellerschlössel

Semi-satirical image of dwarves fencing with training halberds.<br />
<br />
By Elias Baeck after Albrecht Schmidt, 1720<br />
<br />
The images were found in the Dürnsteiner Kellerschlössel

Semi-satirical images of a dwarf going through the procedure of becoming a Meister des Schwerdt, being struck over the loin with a sword.<br />
<br />
By Elias Baeck after Albrecht Schmidt, 1720<br />
<br />
The images were found in the Dürnsteiner Kellerschlössel.<br />
<br />
Although this image is 150 years later it illustrates the following quote from Rössner's 1589 book describing the Marxbrüder, even if there may be some poetical license used for the crossed swords and the paratschwert used likely had changed quite a bit over time.<br />
<br />
Wann er in der Prob ist bestandn,<br />
So nimpt man jhn als dann zu handn.<br />
Vnd lest jhn knien auf die Erdt,<br />
Da wird er mit dein Parat Schwerdt.<br />
Vber seine Lenden Creutzweis:<br />
Geschlagen, auffs Hauptmans geheis.

Johann Georg Puschner, "Der Rauffende Student", Kupferstich von 1725

Dendrono (Johann Georg Puschner, Nürnberg) - "Der fechtende Student" 1725<br />
<br />
"A good son can not live in peace forever, One takes dilligence to give him often the opportunity, That even though he runs away from beligerence, still pulls his sword from the scabbard. Who seeks no job and only tries to defend himself, to protect himself, to preserve his honor. Only does that which is honorable. Protects himself as best he can and attacks no other man. " Translated by Christopher Treichel.

From sir Thomas Parkyns' "Progymnasmata. The Inn-Play: or, Cornish-Hugg Wrestler. Digested in a Method which teacheth to break all Holds, and throw most Falls Mathematically. Easy to be understood by all Gentlemen, &c. and of great Use to such who understand the Small-Sword in Fencing. And by all Tradesmen and Handicrafts, that have competent Knowledge of the Use of the Stilliards, Bar, Crove-Iron or Lever, with their Hypomochlions, Fulciments or Baits", from 1727

Study for vignette for book on fencing, Picart Bernard, ca 1683 - 1733<br />
<br />
Studie voor een vignet voor een boek over het schermen, 1683 - 1733

The fencers of the Sint Michelsgilde of Antwerpen, 1713. Note the swords on the wall and on the bottom left, still in use for tournaments 30 years later.<br />
<br />
By François Xaver Henri Verbeeck

Guild Captain Jan Baptist Cornelissen and the members of the Sint Michels Fencer's Guild of Antwerpen welcome the abbot J.J Van der Boven in front of the entrance to their guild. On a stage at the right an attendant records the names of the members who will participate in the tournament of the day. Prizes are exhibited and two-hand fencing swords are also displayed. <br />
<br />
Painting was ordered by Frans van Lancker of the Antwerp fencing guild and painted by Jan Josef Horemans II in 1746

Detail showing an attendant recording the names of the members who will participate in the tournament of the day. Prizes are exhibited and two-hand fencing swords are also displayed. <br />
<br />
From a painting depicting Guild Captain Jan Baptist Cornelissen and the members of the Sint Michels Fencer's Guild of Antwerpen welcoming the abbot J.J Van der Boven in front of the entrance to their guild. <br />
<br />
Painting was ordered by Frans van Lancker of the Antwerp fencing guild and painted by Jan Josef Horemans II in 1746

Trial of skill with two-hand sword, in England 1725.<br />
<br />
Originally posted on the FB group Self-Defense for Gentlemen and Ladies. Thanks for sharing!

James Figg, Master of the Noble Science of Defense.<br />
<br />
Line engraving by R. Graves, after J Wellcome, 1734<br />
<br />
http://www.iainabernethy.co.uk/article/james-figg-first-bare-knuckle-boxing-champion

James Figg, Master of the Noble Science of Defense. Fake Trade card claimed to have been created by William Hogarth, ca 1730, but in reality created by Anna or William Henry Ireland and published by Samuel Ireland in 1794, in 'ly to be by Sympson. It was published by Samuel Ireland in 'Graphic illustrations of Hogarth / from pictures, drawings, and scarce prints in the possession of Samuel Ireland'.<br />
<br />
http://www.iainabernethy.co.uk/article/james-figg-first-bare-knuckle-boxing-champion

James Figg, Master of the Noble Science of Defense, at the Southwark Fair waiting on his horse for fighters. By William Hogarth, ca 1734<br />
<br />
http://www.iainabernethy.co.uk/article/james-figg-first-bare-knuckle-boxing-champion

George Stevenson, bare-knuckle boxer, 18th cent.<br />
<br />
George Stevenson died suffering the injuries of a fight with Jack Broughton on Feb 17th 1741 at Tottenham Court Roadand thus inspired a movement towards changing rules for more safe boxing.<br />
<br />
Cpt John Godfrey, another of Master James Figgs students described the fight as:<br />
<br />
"I saw [George Stevenson] fight BROUGHTON, for forty Minutes. BROUGHTON I knew to be ill at that Time; besides it was a hasty made Match, and he had not that Regard for his Preparation, as he afterwards found he should have. But here his true Bottom was proved, and his Conduct shone. They fought in one of the Fair-Booths at Tottenham Court, railed at the End toward the Pit. After about thirty-five Minutes, being both against the Rails, and scrambling for a Fall, BROUGHTON got such a Lock upon him as no Mathematician could have devised a better. There he held him by this artificial Lock, depriving him of all Power of Rising or Falling, till resting his Head for about three or four Minutes on his Back, he found himself recovering. Then loosed the Hold, and on setting to again, he hit the Coachman as hard a Blow as any he had given him in the whole Battle; that he could no longer stand, and his brave contending Heart, though with Reluctance, was forced to yield. The Coachman is a most beautiful Hitter; he put in his Blows faster than BROUGHTON, but then one of the latter’s told for three of the former’s. Pity – so much Spirit should not inhabit a stronger Body!"<br />
<br />
http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/22691

Jack Broughton, bare-knuckle boxer, 18th cent.<br />
<br />
Broughton was a student of Master James Figg and ended up killing his opponent George Stevenson.<br />
<br />
Cpt John Godfrey, another of Master James Figgs students described the fight as:<br />
<br />
"I saw [George Stevenson] fight BROUGHTON, for forty Minutes. BROUGHTON I knew to be ill at that Time; besides it was a hasty made Match, and he had not that Regard for his Preparation, as he afterwards found he should have. But here his true Bottom was proved, and his Conduct shone. They fought in one of the Fair-Booths at Tottenham Court, railed at the End toward the Pit. After about thirty-five Minutes, being both against the Rails, and scrambling for a Fall, BROUGHTON got such a Lock upon him as no Mathematician could have devised a better. There he held him by this artificial Lock, depriving him of all Power of Rising or Falling, till resting his Head for about three or four Minutes on his Back, he found himself recovering. Then loosed the Hold, and on setting to again, he hit the Coachman as hard a Blow as any he had given him in the whole Battle; that he could no longer stand, and his brave contending Heart, though with Reluctance, was forced to yield. The Coachman is a most beautiful Hitter; he put in his Blows faster than BROUGHTON, but then one of the latter’s told for three of the former’s. Pity – so much Spirit should not inhabit a stronger Body!"<br />
<br />
http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/22691

Die Fechtshul 1726 -1750, Nürnberg<br />
<br />
Germanischer Nationalmuseum.

Johann Heinrich Eich, Die Adeliche und Ritterliche Fechtkunst, circa 1733 : <br />
<br />
Notice the griffin of the Freyfechter Guild.<br />
<br />
http://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht/?PPN=PPN670304972

Die Fechtschule. A print from 1796.<br />
<br />
Compare to the previous image.<br />
<br />
Thanks to Christoph Amberger for providing this image through his blog!<br />
<br />
http://hiebfechtkunst.wordpress.com/2011/09/09/fruhes-hiebfechten-in-deutschland/

Law proclamation concerning dueling. Stockholm, Sweden 1738

Law proclamation concerning dueling. Stockholm, Sweden 1738

Fechtmeister mit Schüler, Frankfurt-Am-Main,1755

Fecht-Schul, 1745.

De Schermmeister En't Schermschool 1745

Fencing and dancing, ca 1750.<br />
<br />
Found and published online by Christopher Amberger. Thanks for providing such amazing images!<br />
<br />
http://hiebfechtkunst.wordpress.com/

Kupferstich, Clemens Kohl. ca 1780

Der fechtmeister. Fleischmann, 1751

This etching is in the collection of Christoph Amberger. It is dated to the 18th century and shows the Feder Fechter and Marx Bruder meeting in a fechtschule. Their symbols, the griffon and winged lion can be seen at the back. Lots of good stuff here with rappier, longswords, dussack, halberds, fencing gloves, injured fencers and more.

Marxbrüder vs Freifechter in "Perspectarische Vorstellung einer Fechtschule" from the 1700s<br />
<br />
Upphovsrätt: Avfotograferad av Beatrix Bezeczki / Malmö Museer

Curiöses Reit-, Jagd- Fecht- Tantz- oder Ritter-Exercitien-Lexicon, Worinne Der galanten ritterlichen Uibungen Vortreflichkeit, Nutzen und Nothwendigkeit, nebst allen in denselben vorkommenden Kunst-Wörtern hinlänglich erkläret, Insonderheit aber der Pferde Arten, Eigenschaften, Gestalt, Mängel und Gebrechen, nebst deren wohlbewährten Heil-Mitteln, deren Fortpflantzung, Erziehung, und künstliche Abrichtung, auch alles, was zur Reuterey gehöret; Ferner die hohe und niedere Jagd-Wissenschaft, der völlige Jagd-Zeug, die Eigenschaften kleiner und grosser Hunde, wie auch verschiedener Thiere und Vögel; ingleichen das Forst-Wesen; Sodann das wahre Fundament der Fecht-Kunst mit dem Floret sowol als Degen; das Voltigiren auf dem Pferde; Ingleichen die niedrigen Cammer- und hohen Theatralischen Täntze, und die mit der Tantz-Kunst unzertrennlich verbundene musicalische Wissenschaft; das Ball- und Ballonen-Schlagen; die alten sowol als noch gebräuchlichen Ritterlichen Ernst- und Lust-Spiele; Welchen noch beygefüget ist die Wappen-Kunst, als eine dem Adel eigenthümliche und unentbehrliche Wissenschaft. Alles in Alphabetischer Ordnung und dergestalt eingerichtet, dass junge Herren von Adel angewiesen werden, wie sie durch eine gefällig-machende Aufführung sich in Stand setzen können, dereinst vollkommene Hof-Leute, gute Soldaten und geschickte Hauswirthe abzugeben.<br />
<br />
Leipzig, Gleditsch 1742<br />
<br />
Valentin Trichter

Joh. Martin Will excudit Aug. Vind. 1758-1759<br />
<br />
Bibliothèque nationale de France<br />
<br />
Image has been colour adjusted and sharpened a bit, due to low resolution of digital copy.

Trade Card of Motet, Fencing Master, Académie Pour Les Armes, c1750-70<br />
<br />
Engraved by Noël Le Mire (French, b.1724, d.1801)

Robin Hood and the shepherd: : shewing how Robin Hood, Little John and the shepherd fought a fore combat.<br />
<br />
Tune ---- Robin Hood and Queen Catherine.<br />
<br />
London: Printed and sold by L. How, in Petticoat-lane, [ca. 1760?]

Robin Hood and the shepherd: : shewing how Robin Hood, Little John and the shepherd fought a fore combat.<br />
<br />
Tune ---- Robin Hood and Queen Catherine.<br />
<br />
London: Printed and sold by L. How, in Petticoat-lane, [ca. 1760?]

Three to One.<br />
Being, An English Spanish Combat,<br />
Performed by Westerne Gentleman of Tauystoke in Deuonshire,<br />
with an English Quarter Staffe, against Three Spanish <br />
Rapiers and Poniards, at Sherries in Spaine,<br />
The fifteene day of November, 1625-<br />
In the presence of Dukes, Condes, Marquises, and other Great Dons of Spaine, being the Counsell of Warre.<br />
The Author of this Booke, and Actor in this Encounter, R. Peecke.<br />
<br />
Printed at London for L.T. and are to be sold at his Shoppe.<br />
<br />
- On the adventures of Richard Peeke, from 18th cent.

Vijf afbeeldingen van twee vechtende mannen, Anonymous, c. 1700 - c. 1790

Vijf afbeeldingen van vechtkunst, Anonymous, c. 1700 - c. 1790

C. Cooke<br />
Offensive and defensive positions, London 1769

C. Cooke<br />
Various disarms, London 1769

Onderscheidene schermmeesters, Johan Noman, Anonymous, 1806 - 1830

Plan for the fencing hall of Lund's Universitet, Sweden, 1764

The Exercise Institution at the University of Uppsala, Sweden in 1770. Here a language master, a fencing master, a riding master and a dancing master taught the youths the noble Arts.<br />
<br />
The building of the institution began in 1663 already, but was not completed until 1664. This replaced the older Collegium illustre in Stockholm that had been closed in 1629 already.

Northern Scandinavian Sami wrestling games at the back. Sami playing what seems to be "Starve the Fox" boardgame in the foreground. From Knud Leem's "Beskrivelse över Finmarkens Lapper", 1767.

Devil mask of the Belgian Fencers Guild, the Sint Michielsgilde of Gent, ca 1600-1700. Used for processions.

The banner of the Belgian Fencers Guild, the Sint Michielsgilde of Kortrijk, 1777

Fencing Master Henry Angelo, author of several manuals on fencing, ca 1780. His father was the renowned London based fencing master Domenico Angelo and he himself taught Cpt Alfred Hutton's father, just as his son Henry Jr would teach Cpt Hutton himself

Henry Angelo (1756-1835), Highland Broad Sword: As Practiced by the Dismounted Troops of the Light Horse Volunteers of London and Westminster ([London]. 1799. Artist: Thomas Rowlandson (1756-1827),

"The enchanted forrest" carousel at Drottningholm Castle in 1785 by Pehr Hilleström<br />
The carousel the "enchanted forrest" was a tournament held for six days in augusti 1785 to celebrate Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt's wedding to Hedvig Ulrika De la Gardie.

Carousel at Drottningholm Castle, Sweden, in the year 1785, by Martin Rudolf Heland.

Carousel at Drottningholm Castle, Sweden in the year 1785

Carousel at Drottningholm Castle, Sweden in the year 1785

Tournament shield, carried by Fredrik Roland von Stockenström's page at the tournament at Drottningholm Castle, Sweden in the year 1800.

Prospect der Allee in Göttingen nebst der Schenke, die Stadt London genannt. "Die London Schenke", Eingang in den Collegiums Hoff, Die Leine, Die Allee, Herrn Commiss. Graezels neues Wohnhaus, Der Fechtboden und Die Treppe auf den Wall. Augsburg, Kaiserlich Franziskische Akademie, nach 1786.<br />
<br />
Engraving by DG Heumann, showing the Goethe Avenue and St Michael's House, as well as the tavern "London City", the entrance to the Collegium Square and the Fencing House, built in 1737.

Fencing hand positions,1795-1815 ca<br />
by John Lee, after Richard Smirke

An enthusiastic young man practising fencing at a target on a door, accidentally having pierced the door and struck a servant behind it, whose tea tray falls to the floor; another young man playing a flute at a table looks over in surprise; a fencing book lying on the floor, sporting prints or other pictures on the wall behind, including two of a black and a white boxer.

Rapier practice Oct 1805.

Rapierübung auf dem Fechtboden (1816)

DRAFT Trade card of Le Brun, fencing academy, Paris.

World-renowned Swedish gymnastics genious, fencing master, wrestler (among other things) Per Henrik Ling (1776-1839). <br />
<br />
A hugely important influence on physical education and therapy worldwide. Among many other things, Ling designed a combat focused grappling system in the mid 1830s which was never published, but preserved in a manuscript by his friend and fellow grappler, Gustaf von Heidenstam, exercise and fencing master at University of Uppsala and the War Academy in Karlberg, . <br />
<br />
Ling is said to have sought to combine the military virtues of his Viking forefathers with the qualities of self-restraint and control needed in a modern society. He was no proponent of competetive games and never wore protection when he fenced.<br />
<br />
Ling also authored a manual on bayonette fencing, which was translated and adopted by other Scandinavian military.<br />
<br />
Ling's system for gymnastics and fencing spread over the world and in the 1870s it became the style used in the French Joinville-le-Pont gymnastics and fencing academy as well as in the Belgian École normale de gymnastique et d'escrime. <br />
<br />
Through this his teachings also spread as far as Iran, through a student named Mir Mehdi Varzandeh, who had studied first in Belgium and later France, and who brought his understanding of Ling's system with him back to Iran and would work to implement it into the country's eduaction system.<br />
<br />
In the 1910s, Ling's pedagogics were also implemented in the recently recreated Japanese martial arts education of Judo, Kendo, Naginata and still remains in common use today.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling

A page from Gustaf von Heidenstam's manuscript of the combat grappling system designed by Per Henrik Ling. <br />
<br />
Heidenstam was exercise and fencing master at University of Uppsala and the War Academy in Karlberg, and this is the only preserved remains of this system. <br />
<br />
Researched and republished by Glima Master Lars Magnar Enoksen in his book Old Military rough'n'tumble, from which the picture is taken.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam

Roper's Gymnasium 1831

"The above picture appeared in the Illustrated London News of 5 November 1859, and shows the gymnasium built in Oxford in 1858/9. Although its address is always given as Alfred Street, it actually faced on to Blue Boar Street."<br />
<br />
http://www.headington.org.uk/oxon/schools/gymnasium.html

Gentlemen Cadets <br />
George Scharf, 1820s

Der Landwehrsmann mit der Kriegskeule ausgerüstet, in der Fechtstellung links <br />
<br />
Source: Feldmanövers oder taktische Uebungen der Infanterie im Felde : Bajonet- und Säbelfechtkunst, Führung der Kriegskeule, Tirailleurs- und Scharfschützen-Exercitien, nebst Felddienst oder Lager und Wachtdienst etc. im Felde und andere auf den Militär-Dienst sich beziehende Kentnisse, in welchen jeder Kriegsmann in Friedens-Zeiten sich einüben soll, um auf die Stunde der Gefahr zur Vertheidigung und zum Kampfe für's Vaterland stets bereit zu sein. Ca 1800<br />
<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-30042

Drawings from C. S. Bennets Italian Journey 1829-32

Newspaper notice from July 4, 1833, regarding the death of the wife of Stallmästare Luis Vegult, a fencing master responsible for starting several fencing, riding and gymnastics schools in Scandinavia, including Gothenburg.<br />
<br />
Reportedly, he fled the French Revolution and first came to Oslo, Norway, then moved to Sweden and Gothenburg/Stockholm, to end his days in 1803 or possibly 1818 Vasa, Finland (then Sweden).

Poster for Kunstreiter Gesellschaft von Beranek, Breslau, 1834.<br />
<br />
Now THAT's entertainment folks. :)

Fechtmeister, 1842

LA LECON D'ESCRIME<br />
<br />
Designed by Etienne Aubry,<br />
Published early 1800's, and hand colored.<br />
Engraved by Charon.

Brevet de contre-pointe, Strasbourg 1834

Prevot d'Armes diploma of Mssr. Auguste Cocard, from 1870

Mensur parries. "Die Hiebfechtkunst" by L.C.Roux 1885

Mensur parries. "Die Hiebfechtkunst" by L.C.Roux 1885

Note the swords below the stained glass windows<br />
<br />
The chapel of the Fencers Guild in Sint Romboutskerke of Mechelen,Belgium, ca 1850<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Rumbold%27s_Cathedral

The house of the Hellebardiers, the Sint Michielsgilde, the Fencers Guild of Mechelen.

Fencers of the Fencers Guild, the Sint Michielsgilde of Gent, 1891

Original Swingers: Schwingfest - Basel 1898

An Assault at Arms with Quarterstaff<br />
- Illustrated London News<br />
(26th March, 1870)

Sabre vs Bayonet.<br />
Harper's Weekly, 1873

Assault at Arms, Cape Town, America. <br />
Ponder Cherrington 1881 <br />
<br />
A page taken from the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News volume 2

Grand Assault at Arms Albert Hall, Gore Smith, 1881. <br />
<br />
A page taken from the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News

Damen-Turnier in Wien, Musikvereinsgebäude, 1884

French, by Henri Meyer, 1885

In the Fencing School 1893

Fencing training in 1895

Fechtmeister Sulivan und seine Schülerin Peto Aranka im Passagepanoptikum zu Berlin, 1897

“The Bridge game, organised in May 1785 in honour of Ferdinand I. and Maria Carolina of Naples – Sicily”.<br />
<br />
Gouache by Giuseppe Maria Terreni

Italian bulli fighting with knives & cape/jacket (and stones and assorted other things) in traditional 19th cent Roman style.<br />
<br />
http://www.hroarr.com/review-tinea-kombat-knife/

Tuscan wrestling, colour engraving. Italy, 18th century.<br />
Florence, Galleria Degli Uffizi (Uffizi Gallery) Gabinetto Disegni E Stampe Degli Uffizi (Drawings And Engravings)

Italian bulli fighting with knives & cape/jacket in traditional 19th cent Roman style.<br />
<br />
From Bartolomeo Pinelli's "Lite di Trasteverini" Costumi di Roma edition, 1815<br />
<br />
http://www.hroarr.com/review-tinea-kombat-knife/

Italian knife dueling, 19th cent.<br />
<br />
http://www.hroarr.com/review-tinea-kombat-knife/

Members of the 30,000 man strong Apaches Parisienne, a notorious 19th cent street gang, famous for garotting their victims. Crime was rampant in many large 19th cent cities and as carrying swords was forbidden, there was a growing need for urban self defense, like Savate, la Canne, Pugilism, Bartitsu etc.<br />
<br />
The Apaches also designed their own Apache Revolver, without a barrel, but having brass knuckles for a grip and a dagger in front.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_(gang)

Members of the 30,000 man strong Apaches Parisienne fighting the police. The Apaches were a notorious 19th cent street gang, famous for garotting their victims. Crime was rampant in many large 19th cent cities and as carrying swords was forbidden, there was a growing need for urban self defense, like Savate, la Canne, Pugilism, Bartitsu etc.<br />
<br />
The Apaches also designed their own Apache Revolver, without a barrel, but having brass knuckles for a grip and a dagger in front.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_(gang)

The arms (including a Monkey's Fist on the far right [MF is wrong, see discussion below]) of the crime gang of 19th cent Paris called the French Apaches - a time suffering from 48 times the crime rate of today.<br />
<br />
Their style of fighting was, it has been suggested, even expressed in an underground dance style, later called Apache Dance, a bit similarly to Capoeira, and quite popularized in the early 20th century, but in movies of course redefined by professional choreographers and dancers and then often with some humour added to downplay the inherent violence of the original - an original which is reported to have often led to injury and sometimes even death while performed.<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfCKWdYRt_g<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFpu5ljlwuA#t=56<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3MnuZR_iWc<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_(gang)

The Apache Revolver, without a barrel, but having brass knuckles for a grip and a dagger in front. The blade and the gun barrel is folded together with the brass knuckles forming one piece for striking.<br />
<br />
The Apaches Parisienne, were a notorious 19th cent street gang some 30,000 men strong, famous for garotting their victims. Crime was rampant in many large 19th cent cities and as carrying swords was forbidden, there was a growing need for urban self defense, like Savate, la Canne, Pugilism, Bartitsu etc.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_(gang)

The Apache Revolver, without a barrel, but having brass knuckles for a grip and a dagger in front. The blade and the gun barrel is folded together with the brass knuckles forming one piece for striking.<br />
<br />
The Apaches Parisienne, were a notorious 19th cent street gang some 30,000 men strong, famous for garotting their victims. Crime was rampant in many large 19th cent cities and as carrying swords was forbidden, there was a growing need for urban self defense, like Savate, la Canne, Pugilism, Bartitsu etc.<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_(gang)

Canne Baton

Canne de Combat, ca 1915

Charlemont Canne and Baton Method, from Larousse Dictionary, 1920

Savate training at Joinville-le-Pont. Ecole de Gymnastique et d'Escrime, 1910

Joinville-le-pont. Ecole de Gymnastique et d'Escrime, 1910

Working with the Baton at L'Ecole Militaire de Joinville (1852-1939)

Savate at L'Ecole Militaire de Joinville (1852-1939)

Working with the Grand Baton at L'Ecole Militaire de Joinville (1852-1939)

19th cent Sequence shot of Grand Baton

Damen Schaufechten in Oxford, 1898

Les Salles d'Armes, Le Monde Illustré, 1903

Interior from the fencing and gymnastics hall Palaestra et Odeum in Lund, Sweden, 1890s. Sabres and bayonett fencing rifles along the back wall.

Military School<br />
postcard 1910

USA, Civil War, soldiers fencing / photoUSA / History / Civil War 1861–65.<br />
<br />
Soldiers of the Union in a field camp during a playful fencing exercise with sabres.<br />
<br />
Photograph, c. 1865.

Coups de sabre, 1887

Bayonett fencing, early 1900s. French postcard.

Cossacks training in Russia, early 20th cent.

Turkish fencing, 1830

A la Caserne - Escrime à la Baïonette, early-1900s.

Grande semaine escrime Tuileries. Championnat escrime baïonnette. Capitain Perrodon Gaguaint

Norwegian Navy Cutlass fencing, 1903<br />
Photograph by Norwegian Anders Beer Wilse

Norwegian Navy Single Stick fencing, 1903<br />
Photograph by Norwegian Anders Beer Wilse

British Navy Single Stick, c1900

Navy Cutlass Fencing; USA, c. 1900<br />
<br />
Signalmen of the U.S.S. North Carolina are photographed “at a game of fencing on the bridge,” according to the handwritten text on the reverse.<br />
<br />
From the Amberger Collection: <br />
http://fencingclassics.wordpress.com/2008/12/19/cutlass-fencing-usa-1900/#more-455

Military Sabre Duel ca 1900. <br />
<br />
Only the military were allowed to duel with the sabre.

Das erste internationale Turnfest in Paris vom 25.–28. Mai, 1865. Schwingturnen der Schweizer

Wrestling Match in the Schaubude Theatre, 1903<br />
Zille, Heinrich;<br />
1858–1929.

The fencers of the Nordic Games of 1901, among them Swedish HEMA pioneer Cpt. Emil Fick, friends of Cpt. Alfred Hutton and Anton Corble, also HEMA pioneers.<br />
<br />
The Nordic Games were a precursor of the Winter Olympic Games but also included military "sports" like fencing, riding, skiing pulled by reindeer, and gymnastics.

Protocol for the fencers of the Nordic Games of 1901, among them Swedish HEMA pioneer Cpt. Emil Fick, friends of Cpt. Alfred Hutton and Anton Corble, also HEMA pioneers.<br />
<br />
The Nordic Games were a precursor of the Winter Olympic Games but also included military "sports" like fencing, riding, skiing pulled by reindeers and gymnastics.

Pro Calabria. Fédération Belge des Cercles et Salles d'Escrime: 15 Janvier 1906

Pro Calabria. Fédération Belge des Cercles et Salles d'Escrime: 15 Janvier 1906

Pro Calabria. Fédération Belge des Cercles et Salles d'Escrime: 15 Janvier 1906

Pro Calabria. Fédération Belge des Cercles et Salles d'Escrime: 15 Janvier 1906

Front page for the fencing rules of the Olympic Games of Stockholm, Sweden 1912.<br />
<br />
The illustration is from the first Swedish fencing treatise Palaestra Svecana from 1693, authored by Diederich von Porath and depicting King Karl XI training. von Porath was the fencing master of both King Karl XI and his son King Karl XII.<br />
<br />
Originally Olympic fencing was an attempt at reviving the old sports and martial arts that were diminishing with modern society and the precursors included both epee and dagger as well as single stick.

Single stick image for the Boy Scouts Master-at-Arms badge.

Boy scouts practicing wrestling and JiuJitsu for the Master-at-Arms badge somewhere around 1910-1925.

From the quarterstaff section of the Boy Scout manual for the Master-at-Arms badge of 1925

Short article on the quarterstaff in the Boy Scout magazine "Boys' Life", June 1911.

Bayonettfechten 1908

Swedish Army 1886

"Belt strapping", a mythological form of dueling performed from the Middle Ages to the 18th cent in Scandinavia, described in literature in the 19th cent, as here in an 1880 print. The duelists are strapped together with two interlinked leather belts and armed with knives. Usually chest to chest, but here back to back.<br />
<br />
A statue depicting this stands in the centre of Gothenburg, Sweden (see later image) and has also been included in a Star Trek episode, only then a small replica of the Gothenburg statue with Klingons fighting.

"Belt strapping", a mythological form of dueling performed from the Middle Ages to the 18th cent in Scandinavia, described in literature in the 19th cent, as here in an 1880 print. The duelists are strapped together with two interlinked leather belts and armed with knives. Usually chest to chest, but here back to back.<br />
<br />
A statue depicting this stands in the centre of Gothenburg, Sweden (see later image) and has also been included in a Star Trek episode, only then a small replica of the Gothenburg statue with Klingons fighting.

"Belt strapping", a mythological form of dueling performed from the Middle Ages to the 18th cent in Scandinavia, described in literature in the 19th cent, as here in an 1880 print (see previous image). The duelists are strapped together with two interlinked leather belts and armed with knives. Usually chest to chest, but here back to back.<br />
<br />
A statue depicting this stands in the centre of Gothenburg, Sweden and has also been included in a Star Trek episode, only then a small replica of the Gothenburg statue with Klingons fighting.<br />
<br />
And for a more detailed description: One episode of Star Trek NG has Worf practicing "katas" in his quarters, with a statue of "biblical" characters. <br />
<br />
How it happened I don't know, but it is based on a statue by Swedish 19th century sculptor Johan Peter Molin. The statue is placed in the centre of Gothenburg, with copies in Swedish cities Stockholm, Hällefors and Vänersborg. Other copies ended up in Köln and Nürnberg. <br />
<br />
Smaller replicas have also been made out of parian by Gustavsberg, already in the 1860s. The sculpture was popular all over Europe and is said to have inspired an Austrian opera as well as several poems.<br />
<br />
The runes on the foundation are taken from the older Edda, more specifically Hamdismal and Havamal. Part of it reads<br />
<br />
"Ensam är jag worden, som asp i holti (lunden),<br />
fattig på fränder, som furen på quistar.<br />
<br />
Lonely I have become, like the aspen tree in the grove<br />
poor in friends, like the pine tree in twigs"

Swedish soldiers from Älvsborg's Regiment I15, practicing wrestling on the Fristad's Moor, early 1900s.

Fencing Husars in Skövde, Sweden. Late 1800s or early 1900s.

Swedish Infantry Soldiers From Regiment I25 practicing sabre fencing, ca1915

Military Sabre Duel 1915. <br />
<br />
Only the military were allowed to duel with the sabre.

Single Stick Fencing, Brownsville, Texas, 1914.<br />
<br />
From the Amberger Collection: http://fencingclassics.wordpress.com/2008/12/18/singlestick-usa-1914/#more-431

Scottish soldiers practicing bayonette, 1918

Practicing fencing with shovel at the Royal Regiment of Södermanland, Sweden, ca 1920.<br />
<br />
Photo from the Swedish Army Museum archive

Practicing fencing with shovel at the Royal Regiment of Södermanland, Sweden, ca 1920.<br />
<br />
Photo from the Swedish Army Museum archive

Interior from the exercise house. Sweden, probably ca 1930.

Copy of illustrations of sabre fencing from 1893 by world renowned Swedish painter Bruno Liljefors, on display at the Military Museum in Boden, Sweden

Fencing Husars in Skövde, Sweden 1931, as described in "Instruktion i fäktning för svenska kavalleriet av år 1852".

Fencing Husars in Skövde, Sweden 1931, as described in "Instruktion i fäktning för svenska kavalleriet av år 1852".

American Soldiers training bayonet combat with a new model approved by the government

A picture from the 1935 Hitlerjugend manual "Ritterliche Waffenspiele" by Wilhelm Fabricius, a manual on sword and quarterstaff fencing, refering to Meyer's treatise.

Turnierspiele im alten Stallhof, Dresden 1936<br />
<br />
Sword dancing.

Turnierspiele im alten Stallhof, Dresden 1936<br />
<br />
Fencing with bidenhänder.

Late training of European Renaissance combat techniques. Stoccata. From Col. AJD Biddle's "Do or Die", 1937

Late training of European Renaissance combat techniques. In Quartata. From Col. AJD Biddle's "Do or Die", 1937

Late training of European Renaissance combat techniques. Passata Sotto. From Col. AJD Biddle's "Do or Die", 1937

Late training of European Renaissance combat techniques. In Quartata. From John Styer's "Cold Steel" a USMC manual of 1952

Late training of European Renaissance combat techniques. Passata Sotto. From John Styer's "Cold Steel" a USMC manual of 1952

Swedish Cpt Allan Mann, author of the 1956 Swedish Military Close combat manual, age 18 and the same year as he enlisted to fight in the war. <br />
<br />
Cpt Mann fought as a voluntary in the Finnish Winter War of 1939-40 and later in northern Norway and the battles at Skarnes, Østerdalen, Røros and Narvik, alongside of Norwegian, Polish and French Foreign Legion troops. In total he took part of 52 missions in Norway. Reportedly he also took part of the Allied's raid at Dieppe in 1942<br />
<br />
The French government awarded him the Legion of Honour for saving the life of a Legionaire despite having grenade shrapnel in his gut, carrying the legionaire on a sled across the mountains to Sweden for 19 hours, passing out himself due to blood loss shortly after having passed the border. <br />
<br />
Later would be trained as a commando soldier by Eric A. Sykes at the Special Operations Executive and carried their uniform in 1943<br />
<br />
Cpt. Mann was also a wrestling champion and shaking his hand is said to have been a memory for life and a crushing experience, feeling the strength of his iron fists. <br />
<br />
He was quite eloquent, but few-worded. He never spoke much about his experiences of war. He only ever carried the eight medals he had received during war.<br />
<br />
One rare quote from him says:<br />
<br />
"If you have been in a war you get quite humble.You don't forget that you were just one of many who did the job and were lucky enough to get back."<br />
<br />
After 1951 and up until 1984 he worked as a sports and close combat instructor at Karlberg, Sweden.<br />
<br />
Mann died on 5 Dec 2005, buried at the church of Solna. The Norwegian ambassador, the Finnish and French military attachés as well as several high ranking Swedish officers attended the funeral. He was the most decorated Swedish soldier of all time<br />
<br />
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Mann<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive

Swedish Cpt Allan Mann (right), author of the 1956 Swedish Military Close combat manual, together with Knut Haukelid (left) whom he blew up the Heavy Water facilities at Rjukan with.<br />
<br />
At the age of 18 Cpt Mann fought as a voluntary in the Finnish Winter War of 1939-40 and later in northern Norway and the battles at Skarnes, Østerdalen, Røros and Narvik, alongside of Norwegian, Polish and French Foreign Legion troops. In total he took part of 52 missions in Norway. Reportedly he also took part of the Allied's raid at Dieppe in 1942<br />
<br />
The French government awarded him the Legion of Honour for saving the life of a Legionaire despite having grenade shrapnel in his gut, carrying the legionaire on a sled across the mountains to Sweden for 19 hours, passing out himself due to blood loss shortly after having passed the border. <br />
<br />
Later would be trained as a commando soldier by Eric A. Sykes at the Special Operations Executive and carried their uniform in 1943<br />
<br />
Cpt. Mann was also a wrestling champion and shaking his hand is said to have been a memory for life and a crushing experience, feeling the strength of his iron fists. <br />
<br />
He was quite eloquent, but few-worded. He never spoke much about his experiences of war. He only ever carried the eight medals he had received during war.<br />
<br />
One rare quote from him says:<br />
<br />
"If you have been in a war you get quite humble.You don't forget that you were just one of many who did the job and were lucky enough to get back."<br />
<br />
After 1951 and up until 1984 he worked as a sports and close combat instructor at Karlberg, Sweden.<br />
<br />
Mann died on 5 Dec 2005, buried at the church of Solna. The Norwegian ambassador, the Finnish and French military attachés as well as several high ranking Swedish officers attended the funeral. He was the most decorated Swedish soldier of all time<br />
<br />
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Mann<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive

Swedish Cpt Allan Mann (right), author of the 1956 Swedish Military Close combat manual, together with a younger Swedish King Carl Gustav XVI (left).<br />
<br />
At the age of 18 Cpt Mann fought as a voluntary in the Finnish Winter War of 1939-40 and later in northern Norway and the battles at Skarnes, Østerdalen, Røros and Narvik, alongside of Norwegian, Polish and French Foreign Legion troops. In total he took part of 52 missions in Norway. Reportedly he also took part of the Allied's raid at Dieppe in 1942<br />
<br />
The French government awarded him the Legion of Honour for saving the life of a Legionaire despite having grenade shrapnel in his gut, carrying the legionaire on a sled across the mountains to Sweden for 19 hours, passing out himself due to blood loss shortly after having passed the border. <br />
<br />
Later would be trained as a commando soldier by Eric A. Sykes at the Special Operations Executive and carried their uniform in 1943<br />
<br />
Cpt. Mann was also a wrestling champion and shaking his hand is said to have been a memory for life and a crushing experience, feeling the strength of his iron fists. <br />
<br />
He was quite eloquent, but few-worded. He never spoke much about his experiences of war. He only ever carried the eight medals he had received during war.<br />
<br />
One rare quote from him says:<br />
<br />
"If you have been in a war you get quite humble.You don't forget that you were just one of many who did the job and were lucky enough to get back."<br />
<br />
After 1951 and up until 1984 he worked as a sports and close combat instructor at Karlberg, Sweden.<br />
<br />
Mann died on 5 Dec 2005, buried at the church of Solna. The Norwegian ambassador, the Finnish and French military attachés as well as several high ranking Swedish officers attended the funeral. He was the most decorated Swedish soldier of all time<br />
<br />
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Mann<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive

Swedish Military Knife combat, from 1956 military manual, authored by Swedish Cpt Allan Mann, who at the age of 18 fought as a voluntary in the Finnish Winter War of 1939-40 and later in northern Norway and the battles at Skarnes, Østerdalen, Røros and Narvik, alongside of Norwegian, Polish and French Foreign Legion troops. In total he took part of 52 missions in Norway. Reportedly he also took part of the Allied's raid at Dieppe in 1942<br />
<br />
The French government awarded him the Legion of Honour for saving the life of a Legionaire despite having grenade shrapnel in his gut, carrying the legionaire on a sled across the mountains to Sweden for 19 hours, passing out himself due to blood loss shortly after having passed the border. <br />
<br />
Later would be trained as a commando soldier by Eric A. Sykes at the Special Operations Executive and carried their uniform in 1943<br />
<br />
Cpt. Mann was also a wrestling champion and shaking his hand is said to have been a memory for life and a crushing experience, feeling the strength of his iron fists. <br />
<br />
He was quite eloquent, but few-worded. He never spoke much about his experiences of war. He only ever carried the eight medals he had received during war.<br />
<br />
One rare quote from him says:<br />
<br />
"If you have been in a war you get quite humble.You don't forget that you were just one of many who did the job and were lucky enough to get back."<br />
<br />
After 1951 and up until 1984 he worked as a sports and close combat instructor at Karlberg, Sweden.<br />
<br />
Mann died on 5 Dec 2005, buried at the church of Solna. The Norwegian ambassador, the Finnish and French military attachés as well as several high ranking Swedish officers attended the funeral. He was the most decorated Swedish soldier of all time<br />
<br />
The text of the page above translates into:<br />
<br />
"The knife can be gripped for stabbings from below or stabbings from above. If the knife is to be drawn suddenly, the gripping is dependant on how it is carried. If it hangs by the left side it is the most natural to grip it for stabbings from below, is it stuck in front in the ammunition girdle or belt, the opposite is prefered. If the soldier has the knife already it is better to grip it for stabbings from below as the capacity for gainingresults hereby is greater.<br />
<br />
Stabbings from below<br />
Grab the opponent's weapon with left hand and set it to the side.<br />
Keep the opponent's weapon (to the side) and stab with full force.<br />
<br />
Stabbings from above<br />
The attack should be combined with feinting towards other body part, e.g. a kick towards the groin.<br />
After the opponent has exposed himself the stabbing with the knife is done."<br />
<br />
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Mann<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive

Swedish Military Shovel combat, from 1956 military manual, authored by Swedish Cpt Allan Mann, who at the age of 18 fought as a voluntary in the Finnish Winter War of 1939-40 and later in northern Norway and the battles at Skarnes, Østerdalen, Røros and Narvik, alongside of Norwegian, Polish and French Foreign Legion troops. In total he took part of 52 missions in Norway. Reportedly he also took part of the Allied's raid at Dieppe in 1942<br />
<br />
The French government awarded him the Legion of Honour for saving the life of a Legionaire despite having grenade shrapnel in his gut, carrying the legionaire on a sled across the mountains to Sweden for 19 hours, passing out himself due to blood loss shortly after having passed the border. <br />
<br />
Later would be trained as a commando soldier by Eric A. Sykes at the Special Operations Executive and carried their uniform in 1943<br />
<br />
Cpt. Mann was also a wrestling champion and shaking his hand is said to have been a memory for life and a crushing experience, feeling the strength of his iron fists. <br />
<br />
He was quite eloquent, but few-worded. He never spoke much about his experiences of war. He only ever carried the eight medals he had received during war.<br />
<br />
One rare quote from him says:<br />
<br />
"If you have been in a war you get quite humble.You don't forget that you were just one of many who did the job and were lucky enough to get back."<br />
<br />
After 1951 and up until 1984 he worked as a sports and close combat instructor at Karlberg, Sweden.<br />
<br />
Mann died on 5 Dec 2005, buried at the church of Solna. The Norwegian ambassador, the Finnish and French military attachés as well as several high ranking Swedish officers attended the funeral. He was the most decorated Swedish soldier of all time<br />
<br />
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Mann<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive

Swedish Military Unarmed combat, from 1956 military manual, authored by Swedish Cpt Allan Mann, who at the age of 18 fought as a voluntary in the Finnish Winter War of 1939-40 and later in northern Norway and the battles at Skarnes, Østerdalen, Røros and Narvik, alongside of Norwegian, Polish and French Foreign Legion troops. In total he took part of 52 missions in Norway. Reportedly he also took part of the Allied's raid at Dieppe in 1942<br />
<br />
The French government awarded him the Legion of Honour for saving the life of a Legionaire despite having grenade shrapnel in his gut, carrying the legionaire on a sled across the mountains to Sweden for 19 hours, passing out himself due to blood loss shortly after having passed the border. <br />
<br />
Later would be trained as a commando soldier by Eric A. Sykes at the Special Operations Executive and carried their uniform in 1943<br />
<br />
Cpt. Mann was also a wrestling champion and shaking his hand is said to have been a memory for life and a crushing experience, feeling the strength of his iron fists. <br />
<br />
He was quite eloquent, but few-worded. He never spoke much about his experiences of war. He only ever carried the eight medals he had received during war.<br />
<br />
One rare quote from him says:<br />
<br />
"If you have been in a war you get quite humble.You don't forget that you were just one of many who did the job and were lucky enough to get back."<br />
<br />
After 1951 and up until 1984 he worked as a sports and close combat instructor at Karlberg, Sweden.<br />
<br />
Mann died on 5 Dec 2005, buried at the church of Solna. The Norwegian ambassador, the Finnish and French military attachés as well as several high ranking Swedish officers attended the funeral. He was the most decorated Swedish soldier of all time<br />
<br />
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Mann<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive

Swedish Military Unarmed combat, from 1956 military manual, authored by Swedish Cpt Allan Mann, who at the age of 18 fought as a voluntary in the Finnish Winter War of 1939-40 and later in northern Norway and the battles at Skarnes, Østerdalen, Røros and Narvik, alongside of Norwegian, Polish and French Foreign Legion troops. In total he took part of 52 missions in Norway. Reportedly he also took part of the Allied's raid at Dieppe in 1942<br />
<br />
The French government awarded him the Legion of Honour for saving the life of a Legionaire despite having grenade shrapnel in his gut, carrying the legionaire on a sled across the mountains to Sweden for 19 hours, passing out himself due to blood loss shortly after having passed the border. <br />
<br />
Later would be trained as a commando soldier by Eric A. Sykes at the Special Operations Executive and carried their uniform in 1943<br />
<br />
Cpt. Mann was also a wrestling champion and shaking his hand is said to have been a memory for life and a crushing experience, feeling the strength of his iron fists. <br />
<br />
He was quite eloquent, but few-worded. He never spoke much about his experiences of war. He only ever carried the eight medals he had received during war.<br />
<br />
One rare quote from him says:<br />
<br />
"If you have been in a war you get quite humble.You don't forget that you were just one of many who did the job and were lucky enough to get back."<br />
<br />
After 1951 and up until 1984 he worked as a sports and close combat instructor at Karlberg, Sweden.<br />
<br />
Mann died on 5 Dec 2005, buried at the church of Solna. The Norwegian ambassador, the Finnish and French military attachés as well as several high ranking Swedish officers attended the funeral. He was the most decorated Swedish soldier of all time<br />
<br />
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Mann<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive

Swedish Military Pickaxe combat, from 1956 military manual, authored by Swedish Cpt Allan Mann, who at the age of 18 fought as a voluntary in the Finnish Winter War of 1939-40 and later in northern Norway and the battles at Skarnes, Østerdalen, Røros and Narvik, alongside of Norwegian, Polish and French Foreign Legion troops. In total he took part of 52 missions in Norway. Reportedly he also took part of the Allied's raid at Dieppe in 1942<br />
<br />
The French government awarded him the Legion of Honour for saving the life of a Legionaire despite having grenade shrapnel in his gut, carrying the legionaire on a sled across the mountains to Sweden for 19 hours, passing out himself due to blood loss shortly after having passed the border. <br />
<br />
Later would be trained as a commando soldier by Eric A. Sykes at the Special Operations Executive and carried their uniform in 1943<br />
<br />
Cpt. Mann was also a wrestling champion and shaking his hand is said to have been a memory for life and a crushing experience, feeling the strength of his iron fists. <br />
<br />
He was quite eloquent, but few-worded. He never spoke much about his experiences of war. He only ever carried the eight medals he had received during war.<br />
<br />
One rare quote from him says:<br />
<br />
"If you have been in a war you get quite humble.You don't forget that you were just one of many who did the job and were lucky enough to get back."<br />
<br />
After 1951 and up until 1984 he worked as a sports and close combat instructor at Karlberg, Sweden.<br />
<br />
Mann died on 5 Dec 2005, buried at the church of Solna. The Norwegian ambassador, the Finnish and French military attachés as well as several high ranking Swedish officers attended the funeral. He was the most decorated Swedish soldier of all time<br />
<br />
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Mann<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive

English Boy Scouts practicing fitness and quarterstaff. From Boys' Life, Feb 1959

Plaque in a street of Ghent, Belgium, based off of the fencing treatise Académie de l'espée by Girard Thibault d'Anvers. and created in 1913. <br />
<br />
Originally uploaded by Hannes Dendooven who described it in the following words: <br />
"Plaque on the street in Ghent. The armed guilds of the city have their own clusters of commemorative plaques, this one is part of the fencer's guild cluster. An image of a commemorative coin for the Tricentennial of the Guild made in 1913. It's only 9cm in diameter."<br />
<br />
You can also read about it here: http://www.numisbel.be/13122014.html<br />
<br />
The original treatise can be downloaded here: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5765167d

Medallion in bronze celebrating the 300 years of the Fencers Guild, the Sint Michielsgilde of Gent, 1913, but remade in new version ca 1920.

Belgium, Medal, Fédération Belge des cercles d'escrime.<br />
<br />
COUPE DE BELGIQUE 1928, DAMES FLEURET

Belgium, Medal, Fédération Belge des cercles d'escrime.<br />
<br />
COUPE DE BELGIQUE 1928, DAMES FLEURET

Bruxelles caserne du petit chateau salle d armes, Postcard from 1929

Coat of Arms of the St Michels Guild from 1963. Notice the fechtschwerter.

Drawing after a painting from the 15th C. hanging in the church of St-Martin in Ypres.<br />
<br />
Thanks to Hannes for this one!

Belgian fencing medal from 1946, showing Saint Michael, the same Arch Angel which the Fencer's Guild, the Sint Michielsgilde was named after.

2 fencers from Dürer's art of fencing<br />
<br />
Commemorative medal from Society for the Promotion of Olympics, DDR in 1983

De Leuvense Kampvechter, 1236, Anonymous, 1800 - 1899<br />
<br />
The champion of Leuven 1236, copied from a contemporary miniature in the 1800s.

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